Public Opinion On Income Inequality - 964 Words

Income inequality has been a rising problem in the United States for the past few decades. One of the main issues surrounding this years is election, especially for the Democratic candidates is income inequality and how to address it. Public opinion on income inequality and the government’s role in changing it can easily shape how the election turns out this year which can make great differences to the lives of American’s for years to come. From looking at the graphs, there is a clear correlation between party allegiance and how whether or not the government should reduce income differences. Where 58% of Democrats think that the government should reduce income differences, only 31% of Republicans think that they should. This is most likely because Republican ideals favor less government intervention in business. They often believe that restricting the market will result in fewer jobs. Democrats would often say that reducing the income differences will give more m oney to consumers, who will buy more things which is good for the economy. Something else that I have noticed from talking to Democrats and Republicans is that Democrats often believe that the poor are taken advantage of by the rich and they should be compensated. Republicans often think, in my experience, that the rich are rich because they worked hard for it and shouldn’t have their money taken from them to benefit the people that they don’t think worked as hard. The graphs also show that youngerShow MoreRelatedA False Self Portrait Of The United States Of America Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen ones of inequality and injustice in the economic sector and of downward class mobility and increased minority needs in the social sector, and as a result, they have left a mark of dissatisfaction and division in the public opinion, which will greatly tip the balances this election for the candidate that gives society the most hope for change. American economics have had huge changes over their inceptions. Some have been towards equality, but most of them have been towards inequality. These changesRead MoreInequality : Inequality And Poverty1729 Words   |  7 Pages Inequality and poverty exist in our society because wealth and opportunity are inherited. If we all entered the world with an equal amount of resources, some would still rise above others but everyone would get the same chance to succeed in life. Since greed is one of the norms of our society, and wealth is passed from generation to generation, there will always be inequality and poverty. The system of wealth and inequality is actually pretty simple. It all boils down to a few things what youRead MoreThe Context Of Growing Economic Interdependence1672 Words   |  7 Pages(globalisation); inequality is both growing within and between nations. In turn, analysing the following the following statement that â€Å"Inequality can undermine economic, social and perhaps even political stability. It can tear the very fabric that holds society together. We now have firm evidence that a severely skewed income distribution harms the pace and sustainability of growth over the longer term. The growing gap between the rich and poor is now at its highest levels due to wealth disparity, income inequalityRead MoreEconomic Inequality Of The United States910 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world. It is ranked high in GDP per capita, which indicates people enjoy a higher living standard in a nation (Mahoney, â€Å"Economic Inequality in the United States†). However, the aggregated data collected for GDP per capita could not be taken account for the middle and lower classes. According to the Pew Research Center, statistics show that the US income inequality has reached the biggest gap in 2013 (Desilver). Evidently, not all Americans possess the wealth and enjoy the benefit from the largeRead MoreWhy Are You Seeking A Doctoral Degree?820 Words   |  4 Pagesare you seeking a doctoral degree in public policy from Chicago Harris? What are your research goals? What do you hope to contribute to Chicago Harris? During an economics lecture the professor said to my class â€Å" I do not know whether the increasing income inequality is an issue or not†. I was perplexed. I thought the goal of Economics, as a social science, was to achieve the maximum welfare of people while efficiently using resources. So how is income inequality that renders many people worse offRead MoreCorporate Taxation And Economic Policy Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Income Taxes In the 1990s released by the Institution of Taxation and Economic Policy, it shows a clear-cut abuse by cooperation in our tax system. This study was conducted to examine the deferral income taxes paid or not paid by 250 of the U.S.’s largest corporations from 1996 to 1998. This period boosted a strong gain in profits for these companies, pretax corporate profits rose by 23.5 percent over the three years examined. This study closely examines on how corporate income tax revenuesRead MorePursuing An Education For Public P olicy792 Words   |  4 Pagesmy class â€Å" I do not know whether the increasing income inequality is an issue or not†. I was perplexed. I thought the goal of Economics, as a social science, was to achieve the maximum welfare of people while efficiently using resources. So how is income inequality that renders many people worse off, not an issue? By not stating his opinion, he wished to remain unbiased. However, if everyone were to keep their understanding of justice and inequality to themselves without meaningful dialogues, no societalRead MoreClass Is A Topic Seldom Discussed Amongst Citizens Of The1156 Words   |  5 Pagestrivialized by the media. By maintaining the illusion of a classless America, important issues such as social inequalities are overlooked. Such avoidance of social inequalities work in favor of the wealthy, but do damage to the lower classes. Only by accurately defining our social class can we address the problem of social inequality (Mantsios 379). In order to fully address the issues of social inequality, we must first understand its causes. Author Gregory Mantsios addresses some of these causes in theRead MoreCritical Analysis : Why Education Is Not An Economic Panacea1145 Words   |  5 Pages counsel we can offer a whole generation of young people† (Marsh p.6). John Marsh explores in his article â€Å"Why Education Is Not an Economic Panacea† the correlation between income inequality and lack of higher education. In doing so he finds that education alone may not be a cure all for the problems faced by many low income families. Marsh shares what he had learned through his experience teaching impoverished students and how it is wrong to assume that education will positively effect someonesRead MorePoverty Inequality : The United States1040 Words   |  5 Pageslife of poverty. Although the United States is one of the richest countries in the world, the rate of poverty and income inequality is still relatively high. Economic Inequality is the reason why poverty is increasing, and equal opportunity is reducing. 1 Although social and political inequalities are the main reasons why African Americans are the poorest in the country, economic inequality also has a part to play in this. It is commonly believed that people s negligence make them go into poverty.

Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis - 1630 Words

Selfishness is omnipresent in the context of Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis. Throughout the story, the Samsa family struggle to balance their own lives and the sympathy for Gregor, the only son, as his transformation from human to cockroach leaves a burden on the family and results in the loss of Gregor’s humanity. Despite the fact that Gregor had been the sole income of the family, the loss of humanity from becoming a cockroach was overwhelming to the family, resulting in selfish tendencies. Kafka displays how humans are unintentionally selfish, especially when the inability to sympathize diminishes through the family’s relationships. Kafka and his domineering father had a strained relationship, in which Kafka’s ambitions in literature outraged his father, which profoundly affected his writing. â€Å"Whenever Kafka disagreed with his father or told his father that he wanted to be a write, not a shop owner, his father got very upset† (Stephens). Ka fka being the only son of the family, was pressured into assuming the role of his father, as women were typically limited to domestic work in the early nineteenth century. The disapproval of Kafka’s literature by his father would further lead him to isolation and depression. During his childhood, Kafka’s father constantly belittled and abused him as a form of setting him straight, but had not understood the repercussions of his actions which would lead to Kafka’s depression and antagonism towards his father. The selfishness of hisShow MoreRelatedThe Metamorphosis Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis1663 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Metamorphosis Franz Kafka tells the story of a young man named Gregor who observes the radical changes in his life after transforming into an insect. Gregor’s life was centered on his job as a traveling salesperson and his family. One morning Gregor woke up transformed into an insect. Afraid of the transformation Gregor stays in his ro om and ignores calls from his family. When Gregor realized that his new body did not allow him to have a normal life, he tried to adapt. After his metamorphosisRead MoreMetamorphosis By Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis1496 Words   |  6 PagesIn Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis, Grete changes from a child into an adult while also trying to do the opposite with her own family. Gregor’s metamorphosis leaves her family without anybody money to pay for their needs. Consequently, Grete replaces Gregor and begins to cook and clean for her family and go to work. These jobs allow Grete to become more experienced and to mature. Similarly, Grete shows displays these changes by dressing more provocatively and becoming more interested in romance. HoweverRead MoreReview Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 958 Words   |  4 PagesBibliography of the Life of Franz Kafka There are several aspects about the writing of Franz Kafka that make it enticing to the reader and tantalizing enough to keep the reader intrigued. The narrative that I find most intriguing by Kafka is The Metamorphosis. The Metamorphosis is a tale wherein Kafka essentially gives his perception of the story of his life through the use of storytelling devices, which without the use of them would have made it a less interesting tale. Franz Kafka was born on July 3rdRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 3979 Words   |  16 PagesAustin Day Professor Imali Abala English 357 18 February 2015 The Theme of Alienation in Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis written by Franz Kafka in 1915 is said to be one of the greatest literary works of all time and is seen as one of Kafka’s best and most popular works of literature. A relatively short novel; the story explains how the protagonist, Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning to find himself transformed into a vermin which completely estranges him from the world even moreRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 1087 Words   |  5 Pagesmercy were ignored. Franz Kafka’s novella is not about a dictator but it alludes to a person close to Franz that was as close to a dictator that he ever go to. Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, is about a young man that wakes up one day and is a vermin and has to maneuver around his home and come to terms with his six itchy legs. It probably sounds like a load of fictitious ramblings that somehow became a classical novel. Wrong! Look a little closer and the secret message Franz Kafka wrote for his fatherRead M oreFranz Kafka s The Metamorphosis882 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Metamorphosis† is a surreal story by Franz Kafka surrounding the transformation and betrayal of Gregor Samsa, who wakes up one day, reborn into a large insect. Along with the bizarre and nightmarish appearance of his new hard back, brown segmented belly, and many legs, Gregor only desire is to live a normal life, unfortunately, this is impossible because he struggles to even get out of bed. Gregor transformation into an insect is a vivid metaphor for the alienation of humans from around theRead MoreFranz Kafka s The Metamorphosis1222 Words   |  5 Pagestear you down. In Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis this destruction is what is seen in the Samsa family. Through what they believe to be necessary, Gregor’s family destroys the environment that he knows, Gregor Samsa destroys his family, and Mr. and Mrs. Samsa bring unnecessary destruction to both of their children. The very nature of Kafka’s The Metamorphosis is change and the effect on people. The first very obvious change is that of Gregor Samsa into a â€Å"monstrous vermin† (Kafka 3). However, oneRead MoreFranz Kafka s The Metamorphosis814 Words   |  4 Pages When Franz Kafka first penned his short novel The Metamorphosis in 1915, he had no idea that it would become one of the most influential pieces of fiction of the twentieth century, continuously being studied in colleges and universities across the Western world. The novel rotates around the life of a man named Gregor Samsa, who wakes up on a routine day, and suddenly finds himself transformed into an insect. As the story progresses, the reader can see how Gregor’s physical transformation triggersRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis1985 Words   |  8 Pagestruly seen? Does one view one’s external self, or do they see a reflection of past experience? Not many have the value of altruism, bu t some do. Sometimes altruism can turn extremist though, to the point where it can be a negative thing. In Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis, the main character Gregor Samsa is a workaholic that randomly one day awakens as a bug. Initially, Gregor sees himself with a condition, and then slowly tries to adapt to his bug transformation. Gregor did not put himself first when heRead MoreFranz Kafka s The Metamorphosis1318 Words   |  6 PagesFranz Kafka’s twentieth-century classic, The Metamorphosis, shows the changes of the Samsa family after their son, Gregor, turns into a vile insect. Even though Gregor has turned into the most disgusting of creatures, this â€Å"metamorphosis† is ironic compared to the transformation that his family endures. While Gregor still sustains his humanity, the lack of any compassion and mercy from his family, is what makes them the disgusting creatures rather than Gregor. The changes of Gregor’s father, mother

What are the major kinds of unconscious pleasures that might be found in common leisure pursuits Free Essays

The work of Sigmund Freud shows us that Freud believed that humans are all driven by unconscious needs and leisure pursuits are a result of these unconscious desires but adapted by our minds so that they are displayed in an acceptable way. This essay aims to identify these unconscious desires and examine how they are translated into common acceptable leisure pursuits. One of Freud’s major theories was his definition of the conscious. We will write a custom essay sample on What are the major kinds of unconscious pleasures that might be found in common leisure pursuits? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Freud divided the mind into three different levels, the conscious, the pre-conscious and the unconscious. â€Å"The conscious level of mental activity is the level on which all thought processes occur. What one thinks conceptualises, or understands takes place on this level of activity. The pre-conscious is where information is stored away, but is easily obtainable. The unconscious is where memories and information are stored which cannot be accessed readily.† Donadio (2001) Freud tells us that there are three different forces that control our actions and desires; the id, the ego and the superego. â€Å"The id is the drive within us to bring ourselves pleasure. The id is concerned with satiating all basic urges from thirst and hunger to sexual desire, and is determined to attain satisfaction at any cost. People act on the id alone when they are first born, and as time progresses, they learn to suppress these desires in the interest of conventiallity; they realize that a person cannot merely have whatever he/she wants whenever he/she wants it, and that the individual must act in accordance with society. The ego is what brings about one’s understanding that one is part of a society, and cannot always satisfy the urges of the id. The ego does not necessarily ignore the id, but rather governs and controls it. It often devises a plan to obtain that which the id desires. The ego is often seen as being responsible for practical and rational decision making. The superego governs over all of these, and is often seen as the conscious. The superego is concerned with the long-term ramifications of actions, adherence to what is â€Å"right and wrong†, and producing guilt as a result of one’s actions. The superego is often more a product of society than the individual, as society dictates what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior; it often tends to direct the individual to act in a way which is viewed as positive by society, even if at the expense of personal satisfaction. † Donadio (2001) The id’s desires for sex and survival are the basis for all human activity. The need for pleasure and release of tension that originates in the id is translated by the ego into more socially acceptable types of behavior, pleasurable leisure pursuits. â€Å"All behavior is in the service of tension reduction.† Appigananesi Zarate (1979) p144 It is a basic human need to receive pleasure and release from tension, the most basic way to receive this pleasure and release tension is through sex. However, society, and therefore the superego, dictates that it is not acceptable to have sex continuously whenever we want with whomever we want. Our fear of not being accepted into society helps to translate these primary sexual urges into acceptable releases of tension and pleasurable activities such as sport, watching films, reading, drinking alcohol and going to clubs and pubs. Humans are very social creatures and receive pleasure from interaction with other humans. The majority of leisure pursuits involve some kind of socializing with other people. These social gatherings also provide the opportunity for interaction with members of the opposite sex. This is our basic sexual desire becoming apparent. In some social situations the desire to interact with the opposite sex is very apparent, for example socializing in pubs and clubs. When preparing for a night out members of both sexes will try to dress up to make themselves as attractive as possible. People can understand their desire for sex and put themselves in situations where their desires may come to fruition. However, even if one is aware of their sexual desires, in these situations it is still necessary for them to be made socially acceptable by the superego. Dancing is a good example of the expression of sexual desires in an acceptable way. In recent times dancing has become more sexual with more phys ical contact involved. This is due to modern changes in attitude when sex is becoming more socially acceptable although the taboo of sex seems to provide pleasure itself. The use of alcohol and drugs in these types of situations seem to help reduce the control the superego has over the id. People loose their inhibitions and become less concerned with being socially acceptable, the desires of the id are less suppressed and people’s desire for pleasure dominates their actions. It is not uncommon to see inebriated couples on a Saturday night engaging in various kinds of sexual activity in public areas, without the introduction of alcohol or drugs the superego would dominate and demand more acceptable behavior. It is easy to see why we enjoy intoxicating substances as it makes our desire for pleasure more easily obtainable. With many other leisure pursuits the desires of the id are less apparent and the individual will not really know the unconscious origin of their behavior. Many types of leisure activities provide pleasure by escapism, â€Å"The tendency to seek distraction and relief from reality.† Definition: The Concise Oxford Dictionary (2000) Many people obtain pleasure from watching films and reading books. Often these types of leisure pursuits allow us to experience suppressed sexual urges through fantasies in books or films. These types of experiences would not normally be experienced in everyday life but being able to experience them through films or books provides great pleasure, although the individual will not really know the unconscious reason for the pleasure that they receive. In some situations it is because of our desires for food and drink that we receive pleasure. We enjoy going to restaurants and having dinner parties. It is not just the opportunity to interact with others that provides us with pleasure, but also the enjoyment of eating is a direct consequence of our basic human urge of hunger. Sport, as a leisure pursuit, is socially acceptable. It has always been seen as a healthy pastime. It provides a release of tension due to its physical nature and also allows interaction with other individuals. However, sport tends to provide greater pleasure for males than females. It is basic human nature for the male to want to exhibit his strength and power. The enjoyment of sport by males is probably due to the fact that sport as a leisure pursuit has always been seen for males as socially acceptable. â€Å"In Coleman’s classic study of adolescent life (1961), being involved in sports was the most important factor contributing to the social status of high school boys.† Mannell Kleiber (1997) p240 It can be seen by examining the work of Freud that all leisure pursuits provide pleasure and the majority of activities that we involve ourselves in for pleasure are some form of manifestation of our basic human sexual urges. Although we may not realize that we are receiving some form of unconscious pleasure it is necessary for our survival. Humans need the release of tension and to receive pleasure but they also need to be accepted socially so the existence of the superego helps to satisfy all of these urges. How to cite What are the major kinds of unconscious pleasures that might be found in common leisure pursuits?, Papers

Information Security Management Information and Communication Technol

Question: Discuss about the Information Security Management for Information and Communication Technology. Answer: Introduction Information Technology (IT) is the application of computers which is used to store, manipulate, transmit and retrieve data and information in the context of an organizational enterprise. Its main subset is Information and Communication Technology (ICT) (Lloyd 2014). As it is a very vast process, it includes huge security appliances relating to a business enterprise. The term information security management is a set of policies that is concerned with the management of information security management related tasks. It generally decides and controls organizational needs to adopt and ensure information management risks. ISO27001 is a specification of information security management system; that includes all legal, technical and physical controls involved in an organizational risk management processes (Kellermann and Jones 2013). There are various risk management policies, organizational behaviors, security governance policy, personnel security and training security awareness involved in an organizational management. There are different types of information technology multinational industries; which face a huge and severe loss in maintaining and manipulating the risks associated with the information technology system and applications. This report is very helpful and useful for every organizational management because the researcher has provided the necessary guidelines for every type of industries. Various intellectual assumptions and consequences are also get highlighted with reference to the risk associated with information technology and system of an organizational management. In this report, the researcher has reflected and highlighted the concept of information security management with respect to the given scenario provided below. The researcher has also estimated and manifested the baseline of National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) relevant to the establishment of nursing school in the region of Australia. The researcher has explained the case study scenario in the first stanza; whereas the discussion for managing the information security risks of the organisation with clear assumptions and consequences has been clearly depicted in the next few stanzas. Discussions Overall Scenario of the report This report highlights the concept of Information Security Management to establish a nursing school in the country Australia. The main campus is located in Sydney and the satellite campus is located in the capital cities of South East Asian countries (Crossler et al., 2013). The organization has made three agreements with a private hospital; that they provide an internship training of students of the nursing school (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). The main aim of the company is to establish the virtual classes with the satellite campus. The management of the company is planning to sort out the wider community by providing them the services of homecare service and telemedicine. The company is expecting 100 students from each location. The company is also working out to manipulate a mobile team of health personnel. The nursing school must know the students locations and staffs when they are performing their duty and services. By analyzing the above scenario, the researcher will manipula te the guidelines for managing the information security of the organization. As per the given scenario, the researcher has manipulated the necessary guidelines which generally include the government IT policy, ISO generation policy, guidelines for conducting business activities and guidelines for conducting for establishing a school campus with virtual amenities (Luftman et al. 2012). The researcher has maintained explained the overall guidelines with respect to an organizational management provided below: Necessary guidelines for managing the information security risks of the organisation The term information security risks is an event that led the organization in compromise and cooperation of company assets which generally includes unauthorized damage, loss and profit for political and personal interests or entities. The researcher has provided some necessary guidelines for managing and manipulating the information security risks of an organizational management (Willcocks 2013). Government IT security policy and guidelines The government has varieties of security policies issued by the IT security baseline which generally includes Baseline IT security policy: This type of document sets the baseline standards for bureau of government departments (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). It states the importance of paramount. IT security guidelines: This document mainly introduces the base concept of IT security and provides necessary guidelines for security and risk management. Internet gateway and security guidelines: This type of document mainly acts as a supplementary documentation to guidelines of IT security management (Lee, Thomas and Baskerville 2015). Figure 1: Framework of IT security policy and guidelines (Source: De Haes et al. 2013, pp-320) Some additional ISO best practices and standards comprises of: ISO 27001: It initially specifies the requirements for adopting, implementing, maintaining and manipulating the information system of security management with the context of an organizational management (Mithas et al. 2012). ISO27002: This type of document has the code of practice for control of information security. ISO 15408 (Common Criteria): It generally aligns and combines the evaluation criteria with an illuminator effort among various national standards organizations (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). Some additional guidelines for conducting business activities A guide to personal privacy and customer information:This impulsion guideline has been published by Productivity Council on data privacy system a control management. Payment card and data standard security:Several standards have been developed by a number of peoples to enhance and make advance manipulation in terms of payment and security management scheme according to priority of data security (Chae, Koh and Prybutok 2014). Guidelines of IT Security Policy There are several information security policies which generally include purpose, aim and commitments, compliance, relevant policies and etc. It totally depends upon the organizational management that what guidelines must be suitable for managing the information security risks (Robey, Anderson and Raymond 2013). On the basis of above scenario, the researcher has suggested the necessary guidelines that must be suitable for establishing the school with the facilities of virtual amenities. Privacy and Confidentiality: The organizations and all its members are bound to protect the private and personal information of its clients and customers. For legal purpose the electronic communications are totally different from that of paper documents. The concept of electronics documents is likely to seen in the maintain ace of the computer system (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). The organization does not control and monitor the content of several web pages communications. The organizations must reserve the legal rights to manipulate the records of computer of individual users. The organizations has to perform various types of work portfolio management which includes protection of integrity of computer resources; to protect the organizations form liability, to investigate the unusual activity, the organizations must be ensure while disclosing the public data and information to the government authorities. In other circumstances, the organizations must be usually compelled with the context of mitigation amenities (Watson and Tinsley 2013). The administrative of nursing department must notify the users of computer to ensure confidentiality and privacy in personal communications. There are varieties of risks associated with the concept of information technology that was mentioned above by the researcher with descriptions of how to handle tough situations and its related assumptions and consequences with respect to an organizational management. With the modern increase in advance technology, the security system becomes totally weak in every organizational management. There is a need of emergence to develop a tight security baseline system to articulate with several variations intellectual system technology. Last but not the least, this report highlights the concept of Information Security Management to establish a nursing school in the country Australia. The main campus is located in Sydney and the satellite campus is located in the capital cities of South East Asian countries as mentioned above. Access: The organization must not allow the outsiders to an access the privacy and confidentiality records of an organizational management. Only the authorized individuals are allowed with tight security policy to get and access the organizational management records (Borghoff and Pareschi 2013). The technological assets are to be housed appropriately to secure and protect physical locations. The technology assets generally include the personal computers and servers that control sniffing devices and modem components. Strict and confidential password helps the organizational management to restrict use of unauthorized users (Marchewka 2014). The management from each department has to ensure the administrative system access procedures which generally include provisions for administrative access managerial process. Figure 2: IT guidelines system administration (Source: Lee, Thomas and Baskerville 2015, pp-15) Accountability: In an organizational management, the users must take care in protecting its username and password from careless misplacement. The individual passwords must never be loaned to third party. The organizational staffs are mainly responsible for retrieving the audit logs and analyzing private security violations (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). The organizations must hire the operational staff; that is sorely responsible for access and security control mechanism and must be held accountable for every type of security breaches. All controlled privileges system must maintain and control the logs of audit to track the information usage to an appropriate level of system administration. The logs of audit must apply to all organizational networks (Narain Singh, Gupta and Ojha 2014). The organizational management must ensure logging of network traffic access flow in a standard practice. Authentication: The term authentication generally implies the encryption of data and information from point to point communications that must be adopted and implemented for all organizational management systems (Davenport 2013). Its main work is to receive and send the information of sensitive data between the two intellectual parties. The decision regarding data encryption must only be made by the professional system of an organization management to avoid illegal and unauthorized access. Maintain ace of networks and information technology system: Most school organizations are expected to implement a proper guideline for system access and building equipments (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). It is the responsible of the contractor to provide intellectual oversights with an appropriate policy system in an organizational management. Reporting of violations: The manager and the owner of the related department must make necessary report for violating the security operation. These guidelines will provide the necessary guidelines for maintain and manipulating the information technology service management. Managing the risks of an information management: There are several guidelines that has been developed by the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) agencies to adopt and carry efficient information based on organizational management risks (Kellermann and Jones 2013). The National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) has developed the framework of risk management process to assist organizations to maintain integrity. The management of information generally comprises of company mission, objectives and goals that is depicted by National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) guideline. Apart from this, there are several guidelines issued by National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) which generally include: Guidelines for conduction of risk assessments: This is the major guidelines that were mainly developed by the Interagency working group and Joint Task Force department with the context of an organizational management (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). It discusses the concept of risk management process and how risk management has become an integral part of an organizational enterprise. The appendixes relating to this guideline mainly comprises of sources of threats, threats events, predisposing conditions and testing of vulnerabilities to manipulate the secured guidelines associated with the business activities (Lloyd 2014). To manage the information security assessment plan in an organizational management it is very important to know the following points which generally include: How the organization context maintains framework in terms of risk based decision. How an organizations access risk in an orientation process (Mithas et al. 2012). How an organization monitors a controls risks in overtime valuation. The risk assessment in an organization provides internal decision makers to determine and harmonies the risk associated with the organization likelihood (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). The risk assessment can be conducted on the basis of three tier hierarchies which include: Organization level: Addressing risks by adopting and implementing the implications of governance structures that are consistent with the company aim and objectives duly defined by regulations, policies, federal laws and business functions (Willcocks 2013). Business/Process level: It generally includes developing and designing the mission of business process that assists the functions of business discussed in Tier 1. System/Information level: The organizational management must use and evaluate the security related risks that are related with the business activities /governance, business mission processes and maintain ace of disposal (Watson and Tinsley 2013). Assumptions Based on the above scenario, the researcher have reflected and highlighted various assumptions that can occur in managing the information system and applications in establishing a nursing school. The researcher has considered on the basis of three different scenarios which generally comprises of: System configuration and Firewall: Many institutions with vast distribution of files and workstations are set on large servers and make them available to all authorized users. Te famous protocol named Network File Protocol (NFP) provides the capability of determining certain exportable file system (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). Each exported system of file is localized in nature where it is totally identifiable according to the needs of an organizational management. It includes various intellectual assumptions which generally include that the implementation of firewall has configured appropriately or not. This comprises of coordination of NFS among the system managers that runs the firewall operations (Li et al. 2012). Apart from these the user must understand that the NFS is blocking the internal messages that have no protection assessment. These major assumptions generally involve trust among several vendors. Sub process of spawning: There are varieties of information technology risks and threats associated with the concept of an organizational management (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). The sub process of spawning involves the risk that are associated with the baseline of information technology system that is duly expanding and making intellectual integration of an organizational operation process. Different organizational management manages different risk management framework; therefore the maximization of work portfolio management in terms of supply chain may lead the organization to face certain in directional assumptions and consequences (Bernus, Mertins and Schmidt 2013). Organizational strategic planning: The term strategic planning is a team assistance used to approach the identification of various assumptions. In small organizations, the concept of round robin is very useful and helpful to identify the plan of a strategic theme of an organizational management (Luftman et al. 2012). The identification of risks generally involves the technological risk which can occur anytime in an organizational atmosphere. Additionally, the researcher has analyzed illogical assumptions related to the Information Technology (IT) risks which are as follows: unauthorized access of company websites, software content risk, risk due to excessive ISP performance and transmission of intercepting data and information (Venkatesh, Thong and Xu 2012). Conclusion This entire report concludes with the broad concept of managing the risk associated with the information technology and services in an organizational management. The researcher has provided several assumptions and guideline in context of an organization; which in turn is very helpful and useful for every business enterprise and activities. Every multinational organization suffered from managing the information technology services which results an organization to face a severe deficiency and loss. The provided guidelines generally includes necessary guidelines for managing the information security risks of the organisation, government IT security policy and guidelines, additional ISO best practices and standards, guidelines for conducting business activities, pprivacy and confidentiality, access, accountability, authentication, maintain ace of networks and information technology system, reporting of violations, managing the risks of an information management and guidelines for conduct ion of risk assessments with respect to an organizational management. The report has discussed the guidelines for managing the information security risks of the organisation. This report is very helpful and useful for every organizational management because the researcher has provided the necessary guidelines for every type of industries. The main aim of the organizational management is to maintain and manipulate the concept of virtual initiatives of the relative technology. There are several information security policies which generally include purpose, aim and commitments, compliance, relevant policies and etc. The evolution of an information technology has reached a turning point after the massive development of the internet technology. The term information security management is a set of policies that is concerned with the management of information security management related tasks. The researcher has also discussed the core concept strategy of ISO27001; which is a specification of information security management system; that includes all legal, technical and physical controls involved in an organizational risk management processes. The concept of information technology has developed rapidly by increase of underlying technology services. References Bernus, P., Mertins, K. and Schmidt, G.J. eds., 2013. Handbook on architectures of information systems. Springer Science Business Media. Borghoff, U.M. and Pareschi, R. eds., 2013. Information technology for knowledge management. Springer Science Business Media. Chae, H.C., Koh, C.E. and Prybutok, V.R., 2014. Information Technology Capability and Firm Performance: Contradictory Findings and Their Possible Causes. Mis Quarterly, 38(1), pp.305-326. Crossler, R.E., Johnston, A.C., Lowry, P.B., Hu, Q., Warkentin, M. and Baskerville, R., 2013. Future directions for behavioral information security research. computers security, 32, pp.90-101. Davenport, T.H., 2013. Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. De Haes, S., Van Grembergen, W. and Debreceny, R.S., 2013. COBIT 5 and enterprise governance of information technology: Building blocks and research opportunities. Journal of Information Systems, 27(1), pp.307-324. Disterer, G., 2013. ISO/IEC 27000, 27001 and 27002 for information security management. Hu, Q., Dinev, T., Hart, P. and Cooke, D., 2012. Managing employee compliance with information security policies: the critical role of top management and organizational culture*. Decision Sciences, 43(4), pp.615-660. Kellermann, A.L. and Jones, S.S., 2013. What it will take to achieve the as-yet-unfulfilled promises of health information technology. Health Affairs, 32(1), pp.63-68. Lee, A.S., Thomas, M. and Baskerville, R.L., 2015. Going back to basics in design science: from the information technology artifact to the information systems artifact. Information Systems Journal, 25(1), pp.5-21. Li, C., Peters, G.F., Richardson, V.J. and Watson, M.W., 2012. The consequences of information technology control weaknesses on management information systems: The case of Sarbanes-Oxley internal control reports. Mis Quarterly, 36(1), pp.179-203. Lloyd, I., 2014. Information technology law. Oxford University Press, USA. Luftman, J., Zadeh, H.S., Derksen, B., Santana, M., Rigoni, E.H. and Huang, Z.D., 2012. Key information technology and management issues 20112012: an international study. Journal of Information Technology, 27(3), pp.198-212. Marchewka, J.T., 2014. Information technology project management. John Wiley Sons. Mithas, S., Tafti, A.R., Bardhan, I. and Goh, J.M., 2012. Information technology and firm profitability: mechanisms and empirical evidence. Mis Quarterly, 36(1), pp.205-224. Narain Singh, A., Gupta, M.P. and Ojha, A., 2014. Identifying factors of organizational information security management. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 27(5), pp.644-667. Peltier, T.R., 2013. Information security fundamentals. CRC Press. Robey, D., Anderson, C. and Raymond, B., 2013. Information technology, materiality, and organizational change: A professional odyssey. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 14(7), p.379. Venkatesh, V., Thong, J.Y. and Xu, X., 2012. Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS quarterly, 36(1), pp.157-178. Watson, D. and Tinsley, D. eds., 2013. Integrating information technology into education. Springer. Willcocks, L., 2013. Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer. Wynn, E.H., Whitley, E., MYERS, M. and DeGross, J. eds., 2013. Global and Organizational Discourse about Information Technology: IFIP TC8/WG8. 2 Working Conference on Global and Organizational Discourse about Information Technology December 1214, 2002, Barcelona, Spain (Vol. 110). Springer.

Write My Paper Essays - Trees, Arborist, Land Management

Most arboricultural work in this period was done on large estates, with one or more crews on a single property for one or more weeks. The cost of such jobs commonly ran into thousands of dollars, which was substantial at the time. Although the arborists of the early 1900s were preoccupied with such tree surgery as cavity filling, they were also engaged in pruning. [url="write my paper"]http://essaywritingservices.org/prices.php[/url] It soon became apparent that pruning was far more important than cavity work for general tree maintenance, especially when it became apparent that most cavities develop from improper pruning, or no pruning at all. It also became clear that pruning was essential throughout the life of the tree, and that the importance of early and constant pruning was often overlooked. In their preoccupation with [url="http://www.roanestate.edu/owl/Research.html"]Research Paper[/url] cavity treatment, the early arborists failed to give pruning the priority that need and practicality would demand.

Force Definition and Examples (Science)

Force Definition and Examples (Science) Force is an important concept in physics: Force Definition In science, force is the push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change velocity (to accelerate). Force represents as a vector, which means it has both magnitude and direction. In equations and diagrams, a force is usually denoted by the symbol F. An example is an equation from Newtons second law: F m ·a where F force, m mass, and a acceleration. Units of Force The SI unit of force is the Newton (N). Other units of force include the dyne, kilogram-force (kilopond), poundal, and pound-force. Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton described how force works mathematically. Galileos two-part presentation of the inclined-plane experiment (1638) established two mathematical relationships of naturally-accelerated motion under his definition, strongly influencing how we measure force to this day. Newtons Laws of Motion (1687) predict the action of forces under normal conditions as well as in response to change, thus laying the foundation for classical mechanics. Examples of Forces In nature, the fundamental forces are gravity, the weak nuclear force, the strong nuclear force, electromagnetic force, and residual force. The strong force is what holds protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus. The electromagnetic force is responsible for the attraction of opposite electric charge, repulsion of like electric charges, and the pull of magnets. Non-fundamental forces are also encountered in everyday life. The normal force acts in a direction normal to the surface interaction between objects. Friction is a force that opposes motion on surfaces. Other examples of non-fundamental forces include the elastic force, tension, and frame-dependent forces, such as centrifugal force and the Coriolis force.

A reflective portfolio where you identify your learning requirements Essay

A reflective portfolio where you identify your learning requirements and discuss how you addressed those needs - Essay Example curriculum: reflexive practice is critical to establishing a proper corporate strategy and aligning people, tools and measurement instruments to guarantee business success. I first learned that corporate strategy development must consider the external market, internal stakeholders and the conditions of the marketplace in order to be successful. Hence, there is a need to harmonize resources and people effectively in order to maintain a competent competitive position in the market and ensure operational efficiency. This means being able to develop a team environment in which workers are motivated, considering quality of outputs, determining an effective marketing strategy and further maximising efficiency of operations. I was highly intrigued to understand the inter-dependency of marketing to the achievement of strategic goals. According to theory, companies that are the first-to-market with a new innovation actually become the pioneers that define the product category and maintain strong advantages (Agarwal and Gort 2001). First-to-market innovators become a model through which consumers judge late entrants into a marketplace and are often viewed more favourably by the consumer market (Kalyanaram and Gurumurthy 2008). For a business that desires to be a first-to-market innovator as a competitive tool, it is critical that a company maintains a well-developed marketing strategy, part of brand management. According to marketing theory, building a strong brand provides economic and competitive benefits for a business, provides less vulnerability to the marketing activities of competition, and provides more extensive word-of-mouth from consumer markets (Gounaris and Stathakopoulos 2004). One example of how a first-to-market innovator managed to gain consumer preference is the Sony Corporation with the release of the pioneering Sony Walkman in the early 1980s which revolutionized mobile consumer recreation. By having an effective promotional strategy, this company

The Influence of Materials Properties on Structural Form and Behaviour Essay

The Influence of Materials Properties on Structural Form and Behaviour - Essay Example As the discussion stresses  during the selection of materials to be used for engineering purposes, certain properties that include tensile strength, impact strength, as well as hardness is essential in indicating how suitable the selection for the material is, although the engineer has the obligation of ensuring that radiography together with other properties for the material are in line with required specifications.From this paper it is clear that  there has been an increase in popularity of plastics and polymeric materials in engineering. As much as these are inferior to majority of the metallic materials as far as temperature resistance and strengths are concerned, these have been used in corrosive environments as well as in other areas that require minimum wear, for example in small gear wheels that were initially manufactured from hardened steel, are currently produced from Teflon or nylon.  The performance of these materials is satisfactory; they are quiet and are in no n eed for lubrication. In this respect, therefore, prior to selection of material or even the designing of components, there is need for an individual to have sufficient knowledge of the process requirements, the limitations of operation like the non-hazardous and hazardous conditions, the continuous and the non-continuous operations, raw material availability together with the availability of spares and other alternate material.a

The reasons why UK (based in the borough of Ealing) residents travel Dissertation

The reasons why UK (based in the borough of Ealing) residents travel domestically versus internationally - Dissertation Example Whenever a person decides to leave his home to go on a journey somewhere for the sake of experiencing a change of scene, to explore a new environment, experience new cultures or on a religious pilgrimage, then that person is a tourist (Cooper, 2005, 4). From the foregoing, it is quite obvious that the idea of going on a tour is a conscious decision that goes together with planning before one embarks on the actual journey. It is interesting to find out what influences such a decision. Among the options open to any prospective tourist is whether to travel locally within one’s country or internationally. Knowledge of the factors that influence this decision is important to players in the tourism industry because they can influence these decisions during their tourism promotion (Cooper, 2005, 4). The importance of international tourism as an income generating activity for countries cannot be gainsaid. In 2008 international tourism worldwide garnered a colossal â‚ ¬ 642 billion raised by 922 million tourist arrivals. This was despite a drop of 2% in tourist travel worldwide in June 2008 due to the recession that hit the world at the time. This shows that this is quite an important sector that any particular country can only take for granted at its own peril (WTO, 2009, 14). Moreover, countries such as Egypt, Greece, Lebanon, Spain and Thailand depend to a great extent for their income on tourism. These countries have great long running histories with the pyramids and mummies in Egypt and the historical edifices and culture in Greece as examples. As for little island states like The Maldives, Bahamas, Fiji, Seychelles and Philippines, tourism is simply their lifeline (WTO, 2009, 15). In Borough of Ealing, in London Britain, just like in other places, tourism plays an important role in provision of Employment. If one takes the wider national setting, by 2010 the tourism industry in Britain had already employed 2.65 million persons in 200,000 different compan ies. 80% of these companies were Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) which were either directly owned by youths under 35 years or mostly employed the youth in that category (Tourism Alliance, 2011). Borough of Ealing is an administrative division to the west of the city of London. Though it has its own administrative system, it is still part of the larger London. Boroughs are administrative divisions within major cities so formed to make the administration of the wider city manageable and efficient (Heritage Dictionary, 2000, 142). Like other Boroughs, Ealing struggles to raise part of the revenue it uses for administrative, social welfare and development purposes. One of the sources of such revenue is of course local and incoming tourists. For the purposes of this paper, the focus is on tourism in Borough of Ealing in Britain in particular and the wider London and Britain in general. In Britain tourism is a very important sector with 14.1 million visitors arriving in 2009 alone and raising over â‚ ¬ 21 billion in revenue (WTO, 2009, 15). On average tourism generates â‚ ¬ 19 billion annually out of which â‚ ¬ 3.5 billion goes directly to the exchequer. In fact in 2009 Britain was the 7th most visited tourism destination. It was also the 3rd largest source of tourists in the world after Germany and the United States. Moreover, London was the second most visited city in the world coming second only to Paris, France (WTO,

Theories In First Language Acquisition English Language Essay

Theories In First Language Acquisition English Language Essay Since, the second language is an additional language after we acquire the first language, the L2 learning process can be influenced by the L1 learning process This essay will demonstrate the similarities and differences in L1 and L2 acquisition by discussing various theories. Then, draw a conclusion based on the evidence provided and my own experience. Definition First Language Acquisition First Language Acquisition or also known as the Child Language Acquisition is a process whereby children from infancy through early school years acquire their first languages (Lightbown Spada, 2006). The term First Language Acquisition or FLA can be referred to the field that investigates the process by which children develop to use words and sentences in their first language, to communicate with other people (Dictionary of Sociolinguistics, 2004). Second Language Acquisition According to a Dictionary of Sociolinguistics (2004), the term Second Language Acquisition or SLA can be referred to the academic discipline that investigate the process of human when learning second language (L2) or additional languages other than the first language. It involves the ability of people to use and develop a complex system of sound, word, sentence structure, and meaning of any non-native language (Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, 2005). It also tries to understand factors such as environment, individual differences, and social aspect which can be crucial factors underlining the acquire of second language (Ortega, 2009). Theories in First Language Acquisition Various theories and approaches have been developed over the past years attempting to study and analyze how do children acquire their mother tongue. This essay will identify two main theories that explain the learning process of the childs first language: Behaviourism and Nativist or Innateness theory. Behaviourism The behaviorism theory assumes how do children speak that children imitate what they hear, and then continue with positive support, children learn language through conditioning and habit formation (Ellis, 2008). According to B.F. Skinner and his colleagues (Gass Larry, 2008), learning or a change of behaviour on the part of the learner, is brought about by a process known as operant conditioning which is the result of repeated training. Operant means voluntary behaviour which is the result of learners own free-will and is not forced by any outsider or thing (Ortega, 2009). The learner will demonstrate the new behaviour first as a response to a system of a reward or punishment, and finally it will become an automatic response. Behaviourists believe that learning a language is no different from learning anything else. It becomes a habit by the stimulus-response-reinforcement-repetition process (Cook, 2001). The behaviourists also claim that we learn by imitation and by association (Lightbown Spada, 2006). However, psycholinguists argue that imitation is not enough because it is not only the mechanical repetition but also natural exposure that children acquire language (Cook, 2001). Therefore, from the behaviourist approach, language acquisition can be seen as a stimulus-response process. Children learn language by immitation and analogy. The roles of imitation, repetition, reinforcement, and motivation are essential in learning the language. The First Language Acquisition is thus the result of nature which based on practicing. Nativist or Innateness theory Unlike the behaviourist approach that does not take into consideration the childs own cognitive processes, the Innateness Hypothesis proposed by linguist Noam Chomsky supports the idea that language acquisition has a biological foundation (Ortega, 2009). He claims that children learn their first languages through cognitive learning and acquires them by natural exposure (Ortega, 2009). That means both nature and nurture influence the acquisition of language in children. He hypothesized that children are born with a specific innate ability to discover for themselves the underlying rules of a language system on the basis of the samples of a natural language they are exposed to (Lightbown Spada, 2006). This innate endowment was seen as a sort of template, containing the principles that are universal to all human beings. This is called Universal Grammar (UG). As defined by Chomsky (1976, as cited by Cook, 2001 pp181-182) Universal Grammar is the system of principles, conditions, and rule s that are elements or properties of all human languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the essence of human language. According to Chomsky, there are principles, which allow or prevent a specific structure from occurring in all human languages, and parameters, which govern ways in which human languages differ, usually expressed as a limited choice between two options (Cook, 2001). These principles and parameters are built in the human mind. In other words, children have an innate faculty that instructs them while learning of language (Mitchell and Myles, 2004: 33). Chomsky also introduced the Language Acquisition Device or LAD to explain that there is some innate mental capacity which help the children to process all the languages they hear since they were born (Cook, 2001). Thus, from the innatist approach, language is an innate or in-born process. Children learn language by application. It argued that language learning is not a behavior but a specific mental process and emphasized on the important role of exposure to language. Theories in Second Language Acquisition Behaviourism Behaviourism gave birth to a stimulus-response (S-R) theory which sees language as a set of structures and acquisition as a matter of habit formation (Larsen-Freeman Long, 1991). By ignoring any internal mechanisms, it takes into account the linguistic environment and the stimuli it produces. It is suggested that learning is an observable behaviour which is automatically acquired by means of stimulus and response in the form of mechanical repetition. Thus, to acquire a language is to acquire automatic linguistic habits. According to Johnson (2004), [B]ehaviorism undermined the role of mental processes and viewed learning as the ability to inductively discover patterns of rule-governed behavior from the examples provided to the learner by his or her environment. Larsen-Freeman and Long (1991) consider that S-R models offer little promises as explanations of SLA, except for perhaps pronunciation and the rote-memorization of formulae. This view of language learning emerged research on contrastive analysis, especially error analysis (Ortega, 2009) . It has the main focus of which is the interference of ones first language in the target language. According to Ellis (2008), an important reaction to behaviourism was the interlanguage studies, as the simple comparison between first and second language neither explained nor described the language produced by L2 learners. In this essay, interlanguage studies will be excluded as the concern of the area has been mainly with the acquisition of grammatical morphemes or specific language structures. Universal grammar theory According to Cook (2001), as a counterpoint to the environmental perspective, Chomskys followers try to understand SLA in the light of his universal grammar (UG) theory, a human innate endowment. Chomsky is interested in the nature of language and sees language as a mirror of the mind (Gass Selinker, 2008). Although he is not concerned with SLA, his work has been influencing studies in this area. According to his theory, it can be seen that every human being is biologically endowed with the Language Acquisition Device (LAD), which is responsible for the initial state of language development. The UG theory considers that the input from the environment is insufficient to account for language acquisition. In the same perspective, White (2003:22) says that [I]f it turns out that the L2 learner acquires abstract properties that could not have been induced from the input, this is strongly indicative that principles of UG constrain interlanguage grammars, parallel to the situation of L1 ac quisition. As Mitchel and Myles (2004:94) remind us, The universal Grammar approach is only interested in the learner as a processor of a mind that contains language and not as a social being. Comprehension hypothesis Influenced by Chomskys assumptions on language as an innate faculty, Krashen developed an influential proposal to explain SLA which he first named as monitor model with emphasis on the contrast between learning and acquisition, then called it the input hypothesis (Krashen 1978, cited in Lightbown Spada, 2006). It focuses on the data which feed acquisition, and more recently, comprehension hypothesis emphasizing the mental process as responsible for acquisition (Ellis, 2008). According to Krashen (2004:1), [T]he Comprehension Hypothesis is closely related to other hypotheses. The Comprehension Hypothesis refers to subconscious acquisition, not conscious learning. The result of providing acquirers with comprehensible input is the emergence of grammatical structure in a predictable order. A strong affective filter, such as high anxiety, will prevent input from reaching those parts of the brain that promote language acquisition (Cook, 2001). According to Lightbown and Spada (2006), Kra shens model views acquisition in a linear perspective which not only establishes a cause and effect relationship between input and acquisition but also states that the grammatical structure is acquired in a predictable order. Nonetheless, like in the other theories discussed so far, his theory does not go beyond the acquisition of grammatical structures. Krashens model lacks research evidence. As Cook (2001) points out it makes sense in its own terms but is not verifiable. Interaction theory Other attempts to explain SLA are the different versions of the interaction hypothesis defended by Hatch (1978) and by Long (1981, 1996), who did not accept Krashens Input Hypothesis. Both Hatch and Long consider that input alone is not sufficient to explain SLA. Hatch disagrees that learners first learn structures and then use them in discourse. Hatch considers the reverse possibility. One learns how to do conversation, one learns how to interact verbally, and out of this interaction syntactic structures are developed (Harch, 1978 p. 404). Based on an empirical study, Long (1981) observed that in conversations between native and non-native speakers, there are more modifications in interaction than in the input provided by the native speakers. Long does not reject the positive role of modified input, but claims that modifications in interactions are consistently found in successful SLA. Long (1996) suggests that negotiation for meaning, especially negotiation work that triggers inter actional adjustments by the NS or more competent interlocutor, facilitates acquisition because it connects input, internal learner capacities, particularly selective attention, and output in productiveways. However, Larsen-Freeman and Long (1991) argue that the interactionist views are more powerful than other theories because they invoke both innate and environmental factors to explain language learning. Similarities and Differences between FLA and SLA Age: a key factor differentiate L1 from L2 Age can be regarded as another key factor displaying the differences between L1 and L2 acquisition. Since, in the L1 acquisition, children normally complete the process by four to six years old, while the age range in acquiring the L2 can be varied wildly (Ortega, 2009). Moreover, according to Ellis (2008), age is recognized as being important owing to the assumption that older learners tend to be less successful in regard to SLA than younger learners, which may be owing to the fact that target-language norms do not pose as much of a threat to younger learners identities. However, there are two issues that many theorists have been arguing about the relationship between age and L2 acquisition. That the age effect can be approached from biological explanations or from non-biological explanations (Ortega, 2009). From the biological perspective (Gass Selinker, 2008), there is the Critical Period Hypothesis in L2 learning which is proposed by Penfield and Roberts (1959) and Lenneberg (1967). On the other hand, from the non-biological perspective, some researchers have emphasized on the influence of socio-educational and affective-motivational forces (Ortega, 2009).

Othello: the General and His Fall Essays -- Othello essays

Othello: the General and His Fall  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The noble Othello in the Shakespearean play of that name has no one to blame but himself; his suicide results. Is his downfall resulting from his naivete and gullibility? Let us study and expose this famous character in this essay.    Francis Ferguson in â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other† describes how Othello carries out Iago’s plan of destruction:    Othello moves to kill Desdemona (Act V, scene 2) with that â€Å"icy current and compulsive course† which he had felt at the end of Act III, scene 3. We hear once more the music and the cold, magnificent images that express his â€Å"perfect soul†:    Yet I’ll not shed her blood, Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow, And smooth as monumental alabaster.    He tells himself that he is sacrificing Desdemona to â€Å"justice†; but we see how clumsily (like a great baby) he fumbles to get Desdemona smothered at the second try; how he roars and blubbers when it’s over. When Emilia yells at him, â€Å"O gull! O dolt!† she only puts a name to what we have seen, even while the great Othello music was in our ears. (137)    The most radical change during the course of the drama is undergone by the protagonist, the Moor. Robert Di Yanni in â€Å"Character Revealed Through Dialogue† states that the deteriorated transformation which Othello undergoes is noticeable in his speech:    Othello’s language, like Iago’s, reveals his character and his decline from a courageous and confident leader to a jealous lover distracted to madness by Iago’s insinuations about his wife’s infidelity. The elegance and control, even the exaltation of his early speeches, give way to the crude degradation of his later remarks. (123)    .. ...t Plays: Sophocles to Brecht. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1965.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Di Yanni, Robert. â€Å"Character Revealed Through Dialogue.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p.: Random House, 1986.    Ferguson, Francis. â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare: The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970.    Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.