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Term Paper How Many Pages

Term Paper How Many Pages Your writing program will in all probability permit you to create a operating head of this kind that seems automatically on each web page. Some academics choose that no operating head seem on the primary page. A analysis paper does not usually want a title page, but when the paper is a group project, create a title web page and listing all the authors on it as a substitute of within the header on page 1 of your essay. If your instructor requires a title page in lieu of or in addition to the header, format it according to the instructions you're given. Do not use the margins or write a change under the road it affects. If corrections on any page are numerous or substantial, revise your doc and reprint the web page. The list of works cited appears at the finish of the paper, after any endnotes. The listing incorporates the same operating head as the main text. The page numbering in the operating head continues uninterrupted all through. If you might be checking a printout and discover a mistake, reopen the doc, make the suitable revisions, and reprint the corrected web page or pages. Spelling checkers and usage checkers are useful when used with warning. Instead, you meet once or twice per week with someone who is an skilled in describing what novels are like. Novels are long tales, you see, that depict a “slice of life” featuring a middle-class protagonist. Moral instruction was as soon as pretty widespread in novels, however is now thought-about gauche. Novels end when the protagonist has an epiphany, corresponding to “I am not joyful. Sometimes there are pirates, however only so that a feminine character may swoon at their nicely-developed stomach muscles. Double-area the complete analysis paper, including quotations, notes, and the record of works cited. Indent the first line of a paragraph half an inch from the left margin. Indent set-off quotations half an inch as nicely (for examples, see seventy sixâ€"80 in the MLA Handbook). Leave one house after a interval or different concluding punctuation mark, unless your instructor prefers two spaces. Imagine attempting to write down a novel, for a grade, underneath a tight deadline, without ever having read a novel. Number all pages consecutively throughout the research paper in the upper proper-hand corner, half an inch from the top and flush with the best margin. Type your final name, followed by a space, before the web page quantity (fig. 2). Do not use the abbreviation p. before the page number or add a period, a hyphen, or another mark or image. Although a plastic folder or some other kind of binder could seem a beautiful crowning glory, most instructors discover such gadgets a nuisance in reading and commenting on students’ work. Many favor that a paper be secured with a simple paper or binder clip, which could be simply removed and restored. Proofread and proper your analysis paper fastidiously earlier than submitting it. (If the list incorporates just one entry, make the heading Work Cited.) Double-house between the title and the primary entry. Begin every entry flush with the left margin; if an entry runs more than one line, indent the following line or strains half an inch from the left margin. This format is sometimes referred to as hanging indention, and you can set your writing program to create it routinely for a group of paragraphs. Hanging indention makes alphabetical lists easier to make use of. They don't find all errors and sometimes label right material as misguided. If your teacher permits corrections on the printout, write them neatly and legibly in ink directly above the strains concerned, using carets (⁁) to point the place they go. For example, if the text of your analysis paper ends on web page 10, the works-cited listing begins on web page 11. Center the title, Works Cited, an inch from the top of the page (fig. three). Always select an easily readable typeface in which the common sort style contrasts clearly with the italic, and set it to a regular measurement, corresponding to 12 factors. Do not justify the lines of text on the right margin; turn off any automatic hyphenation function in your writing program.

Term Paper How Many Pages

Term Paper How Many Pages Your writing program will in all probability permit you to create a operating head of this kind that seems automatically on each web page. Some academics choose that no operating head seem on the primary page. A analysis paper does not usually want a title page, but when the paper is a group project, create a title web page and listing all the authors on it as a substitute of within the header on page 1 of your essay. If your instructor requires a title page in lieu of or in addition to the header, format it according to the instructions you're given. Do not use the margins or write a change under the road it affects. If corrections on any page are numerous or substantial, revise your doc and reprint the web page. The list of works cited appears at the finish of the paper, after any endnotes. The listing incorporates the same operating head as the main text. The page numbering in the operating head continues uninterrupted all through. If you might be checking a printout and discover a mistake, reopen the doc, make the suitable revisions, and reprint the corrected web page or pages. Spelling checkers and usage checkers are useful when used with warning. Instead, you meet once or twice per week with someone who is an skilled in describing what novels are like. Novels are long tales, you see, that depict a “slice of life” featuring a middle-class protagonist. Moral instruction was as soon as pretty widespread in novels, however is now thought-about gauche. Novels end when the protagonist has an epiphany, corresponding to “I am not joyful. Sometimes there are pirates, however only so that a feminine character may swoon at their nicely-developed stomach muscles. Double-area the complete analysis paper, including quotations, notes, and the record of works cited. Indent the first line of a paragraph half an inch from the left margin. Indent set-off quotations half an inch as nicely (for examples, see seventy sixâ€"80 in the MLA Handbook). Leave one house after a interval or different concluding punctuation mark, unless your instructor prefers two spaces. Imagine attempting to write down a novel, for a grade, underneath a tight deadline, without ever having read a novel. Number all pages consecutively throughout the research paper in the upper proper-hand corner, half an inch from the top and flush with the best margin. Type your final name, followed by a space, before the web page quantity (fig. 2). Do not use the abbreviation p. before the page number or add a period, a hyphen, or another mark or image. Although a plastic folder or some other kind of binder could seem a beautiful crowning glory, most instructors discover such gadgets a nuisance in reading and commenting on students’ work. Many favor that a paper be secured with a simple paper or binder clip, which could be simply removed and restored. Proofread and proper your analysis paper fastidiously earlier than submitting it. (If the list incorporates just one entry, make the heading Work Cited.) Double-house between the title and the primary entry. Begin every entry flush with the left margin; if an entry runs more than one line, indent the following line or strains half an inch from the left margin. This format is sometimes referred to as hanging indention, and you can set your writing program to create it routinely for a group of paragraphs. Hanging indention makes alphabetical lists easier to make use of. They don't find all errors and sometimes label right material as misguided. If your teacher permits corrections on the printout, write them neatly and legibly in ink directly above the strains concerned, using carets (⁁) to point the place they go. For example, if the text of your analysis paper ends on web page 10, the works-cited listing begins on web page 11. Center the title, Works Cited, an inch from the top of the page (fig. three). Always select an easily readable typeface in which the common sort style contrasts clearly with the italic, and set it to a regular measurement, corresponding to 12 factors. Do not justify the lines of text on the right margin; turn off any automatic hyphenation function in your writing program.

Controversial Essay Topics

Controversial Essay TopicsMany students these days are opting for controversial essay topics. These days, everyone is involved in social and political matters; not just the ones who have a strong interest in them. There are those who can relate to the issues that are involved and others who don't.In order to avoid making any mistake in this case, make sure that you know what you are writing about as well as having a general knowledge of the subjects being discussed. Read several related articles about the same topic and get a better idea of what you are writing about. Make a point of linking to relevant information in your article in the body and the first paragraph.In order to write a better and more balanced article, choose controversial essay topics which have been written about by other authors. The topic should be in a very important field. This way, you will have an idea about how to deal with the subject matter that you are writing about. In addition, it will also help you in framing your ideas.Another thing which should be taken into consideration while choosing controversial essay topics is the writer's point of view. If the author is writing in favor of any side, his or her words may not seem as genuine as you would think. Besides, this can add to the problem of having a biased perspective. You should be sure that you are not carrying any agenda against the particular topic.This will mean you will have to do your own research first. When you have done this, you can then decide on what you are going to write. Again, when you have decided on what you are going to write, you will be better able to see the pros and cons of each one of the topics.In conclusion, you should know the basics about the topic before you start writing. The more that you know about the topic, the better. Remember that a better and balanced article will help you get a better opinion on the subject. While writing, don't forget to include all relevant facts and figures and do your ho mework before starting.Some writers believe that controversial essay topics are always best. But as always, you should weigh all the factors that should be considered before you write.

Religion And The Civil Rights Movement - 954 Words

The struggle to obtain gay and civil rights has been directly influenced by religion, either in a positive or negative way. More specifically, religion has served as a disadvantage to achieving gay rights and an advantage to those that participated in the civil rights movement. Contrary to the recent successes of the gay rights movement, there have been a lot of obstacles along the way and most of them have been due to religious beliefs and practices. Religion opposes gay rights, especially gay marriage on the basis that it immoral and unnatural, it is against the word of God and it is incompatible with religious beliefs, sacred texts, and traditions of many religious groups(Eskridge,15). On the other hand, religion more directly influences the outcome of the civil rights movement by providing a basis for unity among African Americans. The concepts and strategies of the civil rights movement alluded to Biblical stories and admonitions. The church provided a physical shelter for Afric an Americans to congregate and organize marches, sit-ins and protests, but also a spiritual overlook that guided them to the freedom that they always deserved. In the 65-year history of LGBTQ activism in the United States, the present moment stands out on the basis of gay marriage being legalized. At no other time would an observer have imagined that the LGBTQ movement was likely to succeed in such a manner that any gender can marry any other gender with the permission by the law (Stewart-winterShow MoreRelatedInfluence of Religion on the Civil Rights Movement2706 Words   |  11 PagesInfluence of Religion on the Civil Rights Movement Religion has had a profound effect on numerous events throughout the course of American history. The Civil Rights Movement was not withheld from the influence of religion, particularly Christianity and Islam. Many of the key players such as Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, who were devoted to the cause of justice and equality for African Americans, gained their passion from their spiritual roots. Through these religious leaders organizationsRead MoreHow Did Religion Influence Martin Luther King, Jr as He Led the Civil Rights Movement2455 Words   |  10 PagesHow did Religion Influence Martin Luther King, Jr as he led the Civil Rights Movement What do you consider a leader? Is it someone who can lead a group of people with no trouble or is it simply someone with exquisite thinking skills? There is not an accurate definition explaining who or what a leader is because each is different. I feel that Martin Luther King Jr is a great example because he has the ability to inspire people, which led to a movement that forever changed America. This paper goesRead MoreEssay Philosophies and Tactics of Dr. King and Malcolm X1492 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the mid-1900s, the Civil Rights Movement was a crucial part of the United States’ growth. Many men and women both black and white contributed to the development of rights for African Americans and other minorities. Among them, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X had an everlasting effect on the treatment of minorities in the United States. Although their philosophies and tactics differed greatly, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X helped shape the Civil Rights Movement and make the United StatesRead MoreMuhammad Ali And The Civil Rights Movement Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesMuhammad Ali Civil Rights Muhammad Ali was an American boxer and activist. He was born in Kentucky on 17 January 1967, and died on 3 June 2016. Muhammad Ali started taking boxing lessons after his bicycle was stolen when he was 12 years old. At the age of 18, he won the gold medal in the light heavyweight division. He won three world-cup heavyweight championships. He fought sixty-one times and only lost five times. He followed that dream for 30 years, and became one of the greatest boxers of allRead MoreThe Progression of Civil Rights in the USA Essay657 Words   |  3 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Civil rights are the rights guaranteed to the citizens of the specified location. When looking back at our history our civil rights have changed our life forever. Our civil rights were first introduced in 1787 as our Constitution. The Constitution states that any citizen is guaranteed the right to freedom of speech, of religion, and of press, and the rights to due process of law and to equal protection under the law. Civil Rights Acts and Movements helped define all of the civil rights but mainlyRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of Fareed Zakaria s The Rise Of Illiberal Democracy 1548 Words   |  7 Pagesis a research portion, provided by the listed sources, about the civil rights movement. I thoroughly enjoyed reading the Zakaria article and it was an eye-opener looking into the civil rights movement. Fareed Zakaria’s â€Å"The Rise of Illiberal Democracy† details his view on elected governments and the ignorance and abuse of their power. He claims that they do not use their powers in the right way and instead deny basic civil rights and liberties. Democracy can be defined numerous ways in differentRead MoreThe Day Of The Colonies955 Words   |  4 Pagesarrived in the colonies? Please name and describe at least five of the nine elements listed by your textbook in a coherent paragraph. There are a multitude of common elements of religion as practiced by the West Africans. Five of these elements include community, ancestors, a high God, Tricksters, and animal sacrifice. Community kept everyone together both physically and religiously, with no one left alone. The West Africans also believed that their ancestors were still present and watching overRead MoreIn The Early To Mid-1900S America Was Faced To Go Through1266 Words   |  6 Pages In the early to mid-1900s America was faced to go through wars and racial discrimination. Intolerance towards race and religion continued for years before the U.S. entered World War 2. But after WWII America lead the path for change. Book authors Thomas Bruschino and Derek Charles Catsam both explain the change that forged America to the America it is today. The books of Bruschino and Castam; A nation forged in war, freedom main line: the journey of reconciliation and the freedom rides. BruscinoRead MoreThe Voting Rights Act Of 1965947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Supreme Court rulings led to a number of acts which helped the civil rights movement attain its goals. The first example is the Voting Rights Act of 1965. On January 23rd, 1964, the 24th amendment stopped the poll tax, which initially had been introduced in eleven southern states after reconstruction to make it difficult for poor blacks to vote. On August 10th, 1965, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act, making it easier for Southern blacks to register to vote. Anything that could limit theRead MoreImpact Of John F Kennedy On The Civil Rights Act Of 19641080 Words   |  5 PagesJohn F. Kennedy had a major influence on the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Prior to the act, segregation in the United States was still strongly supported, but civil rights groups continued to fight against racism. After the election of 1960, John F. Kennedy continually supported the civil rights movement and he created a Civil Rights Act to fight for equal rights. After his assassination in 1963, the Civil Rights Act act was passed. Segregation in the United States was very present prior

Examine the Relationship Between Deviance and Labeling

Examine the relationship between deviance and labelling. The relationship between deviance and labelling is partly based on the view of the stereotypical criminal. This stereotype suggests a white, working class, male as a deviant, making them a ‘suspect’ before they’ve even committed a deviant act. However, whether an act is labelled as deviant depends on who commits the act, where and when it’s committed, and how it is interpreted – and the label the individual is given as a result. Functionalists label the typical criminal as a young, working class male. They then produce theories based on this label to explain this crime, and therefore end up skewed or distorted stats – suggesting that their stereotype of the typical criminal does in†¦show more content†¦Also, areas that are predominantly working class as opposed to affluent areas are labelled as delinquent and criminal, even if perhaps that is not always the case. Labelling theory suggests that the law is enforced selectively by police, and that the working class have less power and fewer resources to deflect a deviant label or criminal label, as well as being more vulnerable to arrest. ‘Sus Laws’ give police permission to stop and search people, and statistics show afro-Caribbean are seven times more likely to get stopped. This again shows how labelling can make an individual a suspect before he or she has even committed a deviant act. Becker believes labelling lead to amplificat ion of deviance, and that labelling leads to a master status, an identity through which the individual is viewed. If he or she is already viewed as a criminal, it may be they conform to that label anyway. If an individual’s master status is a deviant, he or she will look to other deviants. To escaped being viewed as an outsider, instead he or she will join with other deviants to create more deviant behaviour. Deviance is therefore amplified, primarily because of a label. However, labelling can work in the favour of those labelled. Becker’s concept of career contingencies refers to the fact that the deviant may rid of /her master status, and may be offered a job that isn’t deviant, may get married, and so on. This redirection back into normal life isShow MoreRelatedThe Main Categories Of Theoretical Explanations For Delinquent Behavior And Attitudes1011 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion: The purpose of this study was to examine the three main categories of theoretical explanations for delinquent/deviant behavior. While focusing on the second category of deviant behavior, â€Å"rebelliousness†; Eve sets out to measure the independent variables associated with the three categories of deviant theory to determine if they are or are not mutually exclusive. Secondarily, an exploratory analysis of inter-relationships between the three main theoretical categories is also includedRead MoreSociology : The Social Problem Of Poverty1251 Words   |  6 PagesSociology is the scientific study of interactions and relations among individuals. Sociology allows people to understand why groups of people act the way they do, and allows us to examine their culture, background, and heritage. The study of sociology also explains how culture plays a role in the way groups of people act, and how it reflects their society. C. Wright Mills said that the sociological imagina tion is the ability to look beyond the personal troubles of people to see the public issuesRead MoreEssay on Ch 4 Notes Crim 260 Serial Killers1192 Words   |  5 Pagesevaluate sociological theories as they pertain to violent behavior. 2. To understand the role of family and maladaptive childhood behaviors that may portend adult criminality, especially violence. 3. To examine the incidence of school shootings by juveniles compared to adults. 4. To examine the Myers and Kirby typologies of juvenile serial killers. 5. To explore the etiology of serial murder as it relates to Hickey’s Trauma- Control Model. 6. To review the case studies as they relateRead MoreFunctionalist View on Crime1262 Words   |  5 Pageswho study Crime and Deviance examine cultural norms, how they will or might change over time and how they are enforced. Deviance and social norms vary greatly among different societies, communities and times. Crime is considered an activity which breaks the immediate laws of the society an individual is a part of. The nature that determines whether and act is one of crime or deviance is clearly outlined by a set of formal laws which individuals are expected to follow. Deviance on the other hand isRead MoreWhat Are the Social Causes of Youth Crime?3303 Words   |  14 Pagesdecided to write an essay on the question relating to this topic, What are the social causes of youth crime? The theory that I am going to examine and use to answer this question is the labeling theory. This theory is also known as the societal reaction theory. The labeling theory will often examine the of fender in the situation. This theory not only examines the offender, but also the victim and the situation as a whole, instead of breaking it down. This theory claims that a deviant is onlyRead MoreWhy People Commit The Crime Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagescommit the crime is very important in the ongoing debate on how crime should be handled or committed. Several criminological theories that best describe the cause for juvenile delinquency is social disorganization, strain, social process, control, labeling, conflict, and development life course theory. We will compare and contrast these different theories with a focus on adolescent involvement in criminal street gangs. Social disorganization is defined as an inability of community members to achieveRead MoreLabeling Theory3304 Words   |  14 PagesLABELING THEORY Sociologyindex, Sociology Books 2008 Labeling theory arose from the study of deviance in the late 1950s and early 1960s and was a rejection of consensus theory or structural functionalism. Tannenbaum was among the early labeling theorists. His main concept was the dramatization of evil. He argued that the process of tagging, defining, identifying, segregating, describing, and emphasizing any individual out for special treatment becomes a way of stimulating, suggesting, andRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Labeling Theory2511 Words   |  11 Pages Juvenile Delinquency and Labeling Theory Kallie Maglione St. John’s University CRM 119 Juvenile Delinquency Dr. Marquis R. White October 23, 2014 Bartusch, D. J., Matsueda, R. L. (1996). Gender, reflected appraisals, and labeling: A cross-group test of an interactionist theory of delinquency. Social Forces, 75(1), 145. Focuses mainly on interactionist theory but uses labeling theory as a type of interaction that affects delinquency. Labeling specifically in relation to genderRead MoreNeutralization Theory And Positive Deviance923 Words   |  4 PagesI. Shoenberger, Nicole; Heckert, Alex; and Heckert, Druann. (2012). Techniques of Neutralization Theory and Positive Deviance. Deviant Behavior. 33, p. 774-791. II. Research question: The purpose of this study was to examine qualitative interviews, â€Å"in order to clarify how positive deviants also make use of techniques of neutralization specifically to minimize the stigma of over-conformity.† (p. 775) All participants were asked the following questions: 1)Read MoreSocialization And Deviance Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesMadison Hazard November 19th Socialization Deviance Socialization Deviance        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An individual’s socialization is a key factor that contributes to their goals, ideas, actions and values within a society. Through socialization agents you are taught morals, values, social norms, and your role in society. However, a society would not be able to define what is normal and right

Leadership Do Traits Matter free essay sample

Academy of Management Executive, 1991 Vol. 5 No. 2 Leadership: do traits matter? Shelley A. Kirkpatrick and Edwin A. Locke, University of Maryland Executive Overview The study ot leader traits has a long and controversial history. While research shows that the possession of certain traits alone does not guarantee leadership success, fhere is evidence that effective leaders are different from other people in certain key respects. Key leader traits include: drive (a broad term which includes achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative): leadership motivation (the desire fo lead but not to seek power as an end in itself): honesty and integrity: self-confidence (which is associated with emotional stability): cognitive ability: and knowledge of the business. There is less clear evidence for traits such as charisma, creativity and flexibility. We believe that the key leader traits help the leader acquire necessary skills: formulate an organizational vision and an effective plan for pursuing it: and take the necessary steps to implement the vision in reality. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Do Traits Matter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Article Few issues have a more controversial history than leadership traits and characteristics. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, great man leadership theories were highly popular. These theories asserted that leadership qualities were inherited, especially by people from the upper class. Great men were, born, not made (in those days, virtually all business leaders were men). Today, great man theories are a popular foil for so-called superior models. To make the new models plausible, the great men are endowed with negative as well as positive traits. In a recent issue of the Harvard Business Review, for example. Slater and Bennis write, The passing years have . . . given the coup de grace to another force that has retarded democratization—the great man who with brilliance and farsightedness could preside wth dictatorial powers as the head of a growing rganization. Such great men, argue Slater and Bennis, become outmoded and dead hands on the flexibility and growth of the organization. Under the new democratic model, they argue, the individual is of relatively little significance. Early in the 20th century, the great man theories evolved into trait theories. (Trait is used broadly here to refer to peoples general characteristics, including capacities, motives , or patterns of behavior. ) Trait theories did not make assumptions about whether leadership traits were inherited or acquired. They simply asserted that leaders characteristics are different from non-leaders. Traits such as height, weight, and physique are heavily dependent on heredity, whereas others such as knowledge of the industry are dependent on experience and learning. The trait view was brought into question during the mid-century when a prominent theorist, Ralph Stogdill, after a thorough review of the literature concluded that A person does not become a leader by virtue of the possession of some combination of traits. ^ Stogdill believed this because the research showed that no traits were universally associated with effective leadership and that 48 Kirkpatrick and Locke situational factors were also influential. For example, military leaders do not have traits identical to those of business leaders. Since Stogdills early review, trait theory has made a come back, though in altered form. Recent research, using a variety of methods, has made it clear that successful leaders are not like other people . The evidence indicates that there are certain core traits which significantly contribute to business leaders success. Traits alone, however, are not sufficient for successful business leadership—they are only a precondition. Leaders who possess the requisite traits must take certain actions to be successful (e. g. formulating a vision, role modeling, setting goals). Possessing the appropriate traits only makes it more likely that such actions will be taken and be successful. After summarizing the core leadership traits, we will discuss these important actions and the managerial implications. The Evidence: Traits Do Matter The evidence shows that traits do matter.

Witchcraft in Modern Times free essay sample

When most people think of witches they think of the stereotype being old ladies that ride brooms and cast spells on people. But have you ever taken the time to research about them and really learn about what they believe in? Well up and till now I havent really taken the time either but I have found out some very interesting information about witches and that they are much more than ladies who ride brooms and cast spells on people. Witchcraft is the alleged use of supernatural or magical powers, often to cause harm to members of a community or their property. There are other ses of the term that distinguishes bad witchcraft and good witchcraft. A witch is different from a sorcerer in that they do not need physical tools or actions to curse somebody but can curse someone with Just words or thought alone. In anthropology, European witchcraft is seen by historians as an ideology for explaining misfortune. We will write a custom essay sample on Witchcraft in Modern Times or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Beliefs in witchcraft and witch hunts are found in many cultures worldwide today, mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Christianity and Islam witchcraft was viewed as evil and fears about it rose and sometimes led to large scale witch hunts. Christians believed that Christianity was a battle against the devil and his army of witches. Tens or hundreds of thousands of people were executed and others were imprisoned, tortured, banished, and had lands taken away because of being accused of witches. Most of these people were women but some were also men. A form of modern witchcraft is called Wicca. People who perform Wicca are known as Wiccans or Witches. Wicca is typically a religion that worships a God and a Goddess who are traditionally viewed as Horned God and Triple Goddess. The Horned God is ssociated with nature, wilderness, sexuality, hunting and the life cycle. While this figure is not equal to the Christian figure of Satan a small percentage of Wiccans refer to the Horned God to names given to Satan as Lucifer or the devil. Sometimes the God is viewed as the Green Man, a traditional fgure in European art and architecture, and they often interpret him as being associated with the natural world. The Triple Goddess is portrayed as a Maiden goddess, a Mother goddess, and a Crone goddess. Each of these have different associations, namely virginity, fertility nd wisdom. Many Wiccans believe in magic. They believe magic to be a law of nature, as yet misunderstood or disregarded by contemporary science. Most do not view it as being supernatural, but being a part of the super powers that reside in the natural. Some believe that it is making full use of the five senses hat achieve surprising results, and others do not know how magic works, Just believing that it does because they have observed it to be so. Wiccans cast spells or workings during ritual practices, usually held in a sacred circle. Most Wiccan spells include pells for healing, protection, fertility, or to banish negative influences. This magic is referred to white magic which is contrasted to black magic, which they associate with evil and Satanism. Some modern Wiccans have stopped using the terms white magic and black magic because black should not necessarily have any associations with evil. A1 though most Wiccans believe in reincarnation, some believe that the soul reincarnates to the same species over many lives and others believe that the soul reincarnates through different species. Usually Wiccans who believe in Summerland. Many Wiccans also believe that you can contact the spirits in the other world through mediums or Ouija Boards. Despite some beliefs of the after life, Wicca does not place emphasis on it, but focusing on the current one instead. Through all of this information I hope that you have really opened up your mind about what witches really are. I know it really helped me open up my mind and some of the information I found out were things I never would have thought that witches would believe in. They are more than Just people who ride brooms, cast spells on people, and believe in thee devil.

Study of the capital structure and corporate performance on the listed company in China The WritePass Journal

Study of the capital structure and corporate performance on the listed company in China 1. Introduction   (brief introduction) Study of the capital structure and corporate performance on the listed company in China 1. Introduction   (brief introduction)1.1 Motivation of research1.2   Objective of the research1.3   Structure of the paper  2. Literature review 2.1   Modigliani and Miller theoryModigliani Miller proposition one Modigliani Miller proposition twoModigliani Miller proposition three2.2   Trade-off theory2.3   Peaking order theory2.4   Signaling and information asymmetry theory2.5   Agency cost theory2.6   The cost of financial distress3. Methodology3.1   Data 3.2   Sample selection 3.3   Research Approach3.4   Research models and the description of the variables3.4.1 Determinants of the capital structure   (brief)Firm SizeGrowth OpportunityTangibilityLiquidityProfitability3.4.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The   Capital   StructureTotal Debt RatioLong Term Debt Ratio3.5 Corporate Performance ROAROI  4. Hypotheses   Ã‚  (brief hypotheses) 4.1   Hypotheses for the determines of the capital structure4.1.1 Firm Size:4.1.2 Growth Opportunity 4.1.3 Asset’s tangibility4.1.3 Liquidity 4.1.4 Profitability 4.2   Hypotheses for the relationship between the determines of the capital structure and the firm performance5. Reference Related 1. Introduction   (brief introduction) The trade-off theory suggests an optimal mix of debt and equity for a firm to make the cost of capital structure minimum. There are a lot of empirical studies to figure out the determinants of capital structure, these determinants which imply that certain factors influence the capital structure that lead to the minimum cost of capital. So the managers should spent their time and effort to these determinants which can affect the capital structure. However, there are no research studies to show whether the expected minimum cost of capital can achieve the maximum financial performance and make the welfare of shareholders maximum. Therefore, there is no empirical research to study the direct relationship between the determinants of capital structure and the financial performance and shareholders wealth. This research is very important for company’s management, if there is no direct relationship between them, the manager can save much time and effort from it. 1.1 Motivation of research The determinants which can minimum the cost of capital structure attract the financial managers’ lots of time and work to study and achieve. However, there are no researches to study the direct relationship between the determinants of capital structure and the financial performance and shareholders wealth. So the motivation of this paper attempts to study whether determinants of capital structure have a direct effect to shareholders value and the performance of the corporate. 1.2   Objective of the research The objectives of the research are base on study whether determinants of capital structure have a direct effect to shareholders value and the performance of the corporate. For example, One obligations is figure out which determinant is most important to capital structure in the relationship between determinants of capital structure and debt level. The other objective is to test whether the debt level has an effect to a firms financial performance. 1.3   Structure of the paper The first part is introduction, the second part is literature review, and the third part is hypothesis, the fourth part is methodology which includes the data collection, sample set, regression mode and other things. The fifth part is analysis the data. The sixth part is the conclusion.   2. Literature review 2.1   Modigliani and Miller theory Modigliani and Miller’s theory provides the background for the subsequent theories. Modigliani Miller (1958) states the initial theory of capital structure. In the paper ‘cost of capital, corporate finance and the theory of investment’, Modigliani Miller (1958) assume three positions. Modigliani Miller proposition one Modigliani Miller (1958) state that: â€Å"The market value of any firm is independent of its capital structure and is given by capitalizing its expected return at the rate appropriate to its class.† The formula is: Vj=Dj + Ej=Xj / Pk  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ( Figure 2.1Modigliani Miller 1958) Where Vj means the value of the firm j; Dj means the debt value of firm j; Ej means the equity value of firm j; Xj means the net return of the firm j before the increase and tax; Pk means the capitalization rate. This proposition means that the company cannot change the market value of the firms’ securities through the way of changing the capital structure. It means that in the different capital structure, the market value of the company is always the same. In other words, to the shareholders of the company, there is not better capital structure and the worse capital structure. Modigliani Miller proposition two Modigliani Miller (1958) state that: â€Å"The expected yield of a share of stock is equal to the appropriate capitalization rate for a pure equity stream in the same risk class, plus a premium related to financial risk equal to the debt-equity ratio times the spread between the capitalization rate and the cost of debt.† The formula is: Ij=P+ (P-r) Dj / Ej  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Figure 2.2Modigliani Miller 1958) Where Ij means the market value of the firm j; P means the expected return at the rate P; r means the interest rate on the debt financing; Dj means the debt value of firm j; Ej means the equity value of firm j. This proposition is developing form the proposition one, it can explain like the asset of the firm can produce a profit stream. And then this stream will affect the value of the firm. The value of the firm can be discounting of the profit stream at a discount rate which is base on risk degree (Megginson 1997). From the two above proposition, they implies that the increasing of the debt of a firm would not cause the value of the firm increased. Because the benefit of the cheaper debt will be offset by the more cost of equity (Ghosh, 2008). There two propositions should under a perfect world which is no tax, perfect capital market; credible disclosure of all information; no asymmetric information and no transaction and agency costs. Modigliani Miller proposition three It is not mistake about the above two propositions, but there is a huge challenge faced by the theory in the fact. It is said that the capital structure would not affect the firm’s value based on the Modigliani and Miller theory. The firms will choose the debt-equity ratio randomly in the different industries, different departments and different area. However, in fact, the airlines, the utility companies and the real estate will choose the high debt-equity ratio, and the drugs companies and the advertising companies are depending on their own money. In this situation, Modigliani and Miller realized the importance of the corporate tax, so in the study work in 1963, they add the corporate taxes in the Modigliani and Miller theory (Ghosh, 2008). Modigliani Miller (1963) assume that the value of a levered firm which is equal to sum of the un-levered firm’s value and a premium derived by discounting to perpetuity the stream of tax savings which is applicable so long as the fine has sufficient taxable capacity. After add the corporate tax, based that the debt interest has the tax deductibility, so it cause the firm’s value raise with the increasing of the debt-equity ratio. As a result, if the firm wants to have the maximum firm’s value, it should choose the 100% debt financing. However, at 1997, Miller did more work about the study of the capital structure. Miller (1977) put the personal taxes in their theory. MM theory is essential to the history of the capital structure. The appearance of the MM theory means the beginning of modern capital structure theory. Although the MM theory has many strict conditions which is not reasonable in the real world, but MM theory give a starting and structure to the study of the capital structure. 2.2   Trade-off theory Trade-off theory is developed base on the Modigliani Miller theory, because the Modigliani Miller theory only thinks about the debt interest which is the interest tax shields, but it ignores the extra cost and risk which cause by the debt, for example the cost of agency and the financial distress. On the other hand, the trade-off theory considers the both sides. The trade-off theory is also named the optimal capital structure theory which means the trade off between the interest of the debt and the risk and cost of the debt (Brigham Houston, 2004). Trade-off theory thinks that MM only can be accepted in the perfect market conditions, but at the same time, they think that the market is not perfect, the two phenomena to show the market’s unperfected are tax shields and the cost of bankruptcy (Brealey Myers, 2000). Under the trade-off theory, firms should consider the agency cost and the bankruptcy cost, when the debt ratio raise, then the tax effect raise, as a result, the cost of the agency and bankruptcy increase at the same time. If the firm’s agency cost and the bankruptcy cost are more than the tax effect, then the firms’ value decreases (Brealey Myers, 2000). So in the trade-off theory, they assumed that when the marginal cost of debt in a company (such as the agency cost and the cost of bankruptcy) is the same as the marginal benefit of the debt (such as the debt interest of tax shields), the firm’s value become the maximum (Gonzalez Gonzalez, 2008). Trade-off theory explains the different of the capital structure in different industries. For example, the high technology growth companies’ assets mostly are intangible asset with high risk, so they are usually have less debt; on the other hand, some airlines’ asset are mostly tangible asset with low risk, so they usually can have high debt ratio. 2.3   Peaking order theory Peaking order theory is firstly raised by Myers and Mujluf in 1984, peaking order theory is important for the theory of the capital structure, the peaking order is based on the signaling and information asymmetry theory. Peaking order theory studies the problem of finance order of the companies. It explains why the companies with the high profitability have the low financial leverage: the most reason is that these companies have enough ability to internal finance, they don’t need the external finance, so they have low debt ratio. On the other hand, the companies with the low profitability do not have the ample resources to use in the investment and the payment, they need external finance, so they have high debt ratio (Myers, 1984). The peaking order hypothesis is based on three assumptions about the financial behavior of the managers in companies (Myers and Mujluf, 1984). The first one is that because of the signaling and information asymmetry, so the managers will be informed more information about the opportunities of the investment or the firms than outsiders or new investors. The second one is that the companies like the internal finance more than external finance, because this way does not create any negative effect to the fluctuation of the share price. If the company must choose the external finance, the firm will firstly start with the debt to issue the safety security; secondly will choose the hybrid security, for example, the convertible bonds; lastly, the company will choose the equity, this order is based on the least effect to the share price. The third one is that the companies have much profit, and then it can choose to internal finance to satisfy the need of the money, so they have the low debt ratio. On the other hand, the companies with the low profitability need external finance to satisfy the need of the money, so they have high debt ratio. The firm’s capital structure, the strategy of finance and the dividend policy are the way about insiders to send the signaling. When the company has a new high profitability investment program, if the new program carries out, the firm’s value must increase. Because of the signaling and information asymmetry, if the company chooses to issue the new equity to finance, then the company always is regard as having the problem with the money by the market. So at this time, the best way to finance is choosing the internal finance, this way not only can avoid the share price decreased by the external finance, but also can make sure about the profit of the shareholders. When the company does not have enough ability to internal finance to satisfy the fund need of the program investment, the best external finance choice is the debt finance. Because if the company choose the debt finance, when the program has profit, the creditors only get the fixed interest and most of the profit is belong to the shareholders. Moreover, if the company takes the company asset as the mortgage in the debt finance, it causes very few effects to the company’s value. So the company’s finance order should be like this: the first one is internal finance, then the second one is debt finance, then the third one is issuing security, it means that the company always tries their best to use the internal accumulation money to investment, then use the debt finance still the debt finance may cause financial crisis of the company, the company would issue the safety security than the risky ones; the last choice is issuing the equity. 2.4   Signaling and information asymmetry theory As the above peaking order said: if the company issues a new equity to the market, it would let the investors misunderstand the company’s present situation or take the bad signals about the company, the investors or the new shareholder will doubt the company’s development in the future, they will worried about the company’s growth (Ghosh, 2008). All this caused by the signaling and information asymmetry. Ross Leland Pyle (1977) state the theory of the signaling and information asymmetry, their theory based on the asymmetry of the information about the real firm’s value and the real investment opportunity between the insiders and outsiders. The signaling and information asymmetry theory thinks that the asymmetry of the signaling and information warp the firm’s market value, it caused the strategy of the investment inefficiency. Different capital structure sends the signaling about the quantity of the company to the market, and they try their best to avoid sending the negative signaling. In the theory, the firm uses the appropriate way to send the signaling of the firm’s value to the market to affect the decision of the investors. The outsider investors regard the firms with the high debt ration as the high quality ones, because the high quality firms can accept the high stress of the interest cause by the high debt finance. On the other hand, the low quality firms cannot accept the huge interest caused by the high debt finance. So to the investors, they can observe the firms’ debt ratio to distinguish the quality of the firms. Ross (1977) found that if in the investment level is fixed, then the debt ratio can be a signaling to send the personal information to the insiders. So in the Ross model, it build on the base of the problem of the signaling and information asymmetry between the insider managers who well know about the information and the outsider investors who poor know about the information. In the Ross model, the profit of the firm follows the random distribution of the first-order, and then the managers know well about the real distribution of the firms’ profit, however, the investors do not know about this. So this situation caused that if the market overate of the firm’s value, then the managers will get profit from this situation; on the other hand, if the firm declares the bankruptcy, the managers will get punishment. As the above said that, the high quality companies can raise the debt ratio to tell themselves with the poor quality companies. So the main conclusion of the Ross t heory is that the firm’s value or the profitability has the positive relationship with the debt ratio, moreover, if the other conditions are the same, the increasing of the punishment to the manager (for example, the loss of the goodwill or more cost to find a job) will caused the decrease of the debt ratio. Leland Pyle (1977) study the way to send the signaling about the rate of the equity of the insiders. The business executives have the inside information about the program they want to invest, but due to the asymmetry of signaling and information, the market value show the average quality of the program, mass poor quality programs appear because of the existing of the moral hazard. In order to let the high quality program can do financing, the signaling must be sending to the market. So if the business executives who have the inside information about the program can invest the program, then it can be show to outsiders and the market the signaling about the real quality of the program. 2.5   Agency cost theory The agency cost theory first stated by Jensen Meckling in 1976. They said that in the company, the agency relationship would be as follow: â€Å"A contract under which one or more person (the principal) engages another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent.† Jensen Meckling (1976) The agent’s unperfected behavior caused the creation of the agency problem. There are two forms of the agency cost, they are two kinds of conflict, one conflict is between the shareholders and the managers, and the other conflict is between the shareholders and the creditors. The first conflict comes from that the managers are not the wholly owner of the company, if the managers wholly own all company, then the control and the ownership would be together instead of the separation, then the managers can have the all profit or pay the all cost. However, due to the managers cannot own the whole company, so the managers cannot fully own the whole profit which created by their hard working, furthermore, they must accept the all cost. On the other hand, if the managers increase the consumption when they are still in their position, they can have the all benefit and only accept some cost. This situation caused the managers do not devote all their enthusiasm and energy in the work, however, they spend much time on consuming, this led the firm’s value decrease. Moreover, managers will think their profitable more important than the shareholders’ profitable, so if the ownership of the managers in the firm is decrease, they may not spend whole energy to find the high profitable program to invest. This action will make the firm’s performance decrease. In the second conflict, to a investment program which is supported by the debt finance, if the investment of the program is successful, then the shareholders will get the most profit, but if the investment of the program is not successful, then the creditors will be charge the most loss, this situation make shareholders prefer to invest the programs with high risky. When the creditors realize these motivations of the shareholders, they will ask for higher rate of return of the securities (Diamond Hirsheifer Thakor, 1989). To this kind conflict, Diamond (1989) and Hirsheifer Thakor (1989) think that the company and the managers will choose the safety program separately form their own reputation, this will remit the conflict between the shareholders and the creditors. Because of the existing of the above two forms of the agency cost, there is possible to make the agency cost become minimum, and caused the firm’s value become maximum. So the objective of the agency cost theory is finding the best agency relationship to reconcile the profit relationship f the all parties become maximum, led to increase the firm’s value. When the margin profit of debt financing is equal to the margin cost of debt financing, the capital structure is optimal. 2.6   The cost of financial distress The cost of financial distress is important in the real society, especially play a key role in judging the optimal mix form between the equity and debt. The financial distress means that the company do not have the enough ability to satisfy the requirement of the obligations in financial, it may cause the company bankruptcy. When any firm under the situation of the financial distress, the direct or indirect cost would be exposed at a certain degree. In this situation, the cost which have relationship with the lawyers, accountants, courts, experts and the bankruptcy cost should be included in the direct cost. On the other hand, the indirect cost contain the losses which caused by company’s bankruptcy except the cash cost during the process of the bankruptcy. In particular, the indirect cost can be show in other ways, the first one is that the employees loss, especially, the important core employees go to another company. The seconded one is that because of the bankruptcy, the s tore products cannot sale, so the sale volumes must be affecting (Megginson, 1977). In the financial distress theory, the increasing of the probability of financial distress regard as the increasing of debt, although the increasing of the profit of the debt tax shields also regard as the increasing of debt. In this situation, the company should keep balance between the bankruptcy risk and tax shield profit. The best capital structure will make the all capital cost become minimum, and then make the company’s performance and company’s value become maximum (Baxter, 1967). 3. Methodology 3.1   Data In this paper, most of the data are secondary data which collected from the secondary sources. The all listed companies which used in the paper were found in the Shanghai (SHSE) and Shenzhen (SZSE) Stock Exchange. The all data are collected from the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CRSC), Shanghai Stock Exchange (SHSE), Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE), Guotaian CSMAR Database. Major Index, Securities Issuing, Listed companies and Annual Reports (balance sheet, profit and loss and the statement of the cash flow) can be found in these systems. In China Securities Regulatory Commission (CRSC), all Chinese listed companies can be found. The data information can be downloaded from its website. This information is all official published for everyone. The data have high quality. But the information have a limitation which is not included the latest information sometimes. Shanghai Stock Exchange (SHSE) is also used in this study. It is another source to collect the data. It offers the companies’ information which is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. The financial information can be found and downloaded from its website. Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) is almost the same as the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SHSE), except the listed companies is different. The financial information also can be found and downloaded from its website. The data from the two stock exchange are both without the quality problem. Guotaian CSMAR Database is a system which set up by Guotaian Company. This database offers the information about the Chinese security, futures, foreign exchange, macroscopic view and industries (only in China). It is produced base on CRSP and COMPUSTAT. Now there are more than 500 universities and financial institutions use the data from the Guotaian CSMAR Database in the study of the Chinese security and economic. The information can be found and downloaded from its website. The all data from these systems are without the quality problems, there is an third-party institution would be audited the all data. These data are correct and public. 3.2   Sample selection The samples for this paper consist of 100 non-financial listed Chinese compnies in the Shanghai (SHSE) and Shenzhen (SZSE) Stock Exchange from 2008 to 2010. The selection criteria as follow: The companies must not belong to the financial services sectors, for example the banks, the companies of insurance and the investment trusts), because the financial sector have a special capital structure and operational characteristics. There are big different between the financial sector and non-financial sector (Rajan Zingakes, 1995). The companies must belong to the A share companies in the Shanghai (SHSE) and Shenzhen (SZSE) Stock Exchange. The companies must not belong to the Special Treatment (ST) listed companies and Particular Transfer (PT) listed companies. They have abnormal data which would affect the whole data analysis. The companies must fulfill to offer a continuous and complete financial statement from 2008 to 2010. This is the key criteria. The continuous and complete financial statement at the same period can make sure these companies under the same financial environment. This criterion can make the compare under a fair condition. The companies must not belong to the industry which has huge different in innate resource, for example, the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries. Moreover, the companies must not belong to the industry which has huge different affected by the policies factors, for instants, the public utilities. Under these criteria, 100 listed companies are chose form the Shanghai (SHSE) and Shenzhen (SZSE) Stock Exchange. 3.3   Research Approach This paper is used the secondary data to analyze. In this study, the commonly software like E-views and SPSS would be used. E-views and SPSS are good for the panel data analysis, corss-sectional and time series. In this paper, this software would be used to test the relationship under the panel data analysis. 3.4   Research models and the description of the variables There are two independent regression model showed in this paper. The first one is the model for studying the variables whether affect the capital structure. The variables are Firm Size, Growth Opportunity, Tangibility, liquidity, Profitability. The second one is the model for studying the variable whether affect the corporate performance. The variables are Firm Size, Growth Opportunity, Tangibility, liquidity, capital structure. Because there are two regression models, there are two groups hypotheses showed in the study. 3.4.1 Determinants of the capital structure   (brief) In this paper, five variables are chose to analyze the relationship with the capital structure. They are Firm Size, Growth Opportunity, Tangibility, liquidity, Profitability. Firm Size According to Zeitun (2007) state that the measures of the firm size which is the natural logarithm of total asset of the companies. The equation is as follow: Size = ln TAit The TA means that the total asset of the company. TAit means the total asset of the company i at year t. Growth Opportunity The measures of the firm are measured by the growth of sales or revenue. Revit means the total revenue of the company i at year t. The equation is as follow: Growth it   =   (Revit) – (Revit-1) Revit-1 Tangibility Rajan (1995) states that the tangibility measured by the ratio of total fixed asset to total asset. FAit means the total fixed asset of the company i at year t and TAit means the total asset at the same company i at year t. The equation is as follow: TANGit =  Ã‚   FAit  Ã‚   TAit Liquidity The measure of the firm’s liquidity by the Total Current Assets divided by Total Current Liabilities. TCAit is the total current asset for firm i at year t and TCLitis the total current liability of the same firm i at year t. The equation is as follow: CurRtio =     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TCAit  Ã‚  Ã‚   TCLit Profitability The measure of the firm’s profitability by the Net Income divided by Total Revenue. NIit is the net income for firm i at year t and Revit is the total revenue of the same firm i at year t. The equation is as follow: NETROit =   Ã‚  NIit  Ã‚   Revit 3.4.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The   Capital   Structure In this paper, two variables are chose stand for the capital structure in the analysis of the relationship with the determinants and corporate performance. They are Total Debt Ratio, Long Term Debt Ratio. Total Debt Ratio This is measure as total debt divided by total. TDit is the total debt for company i at year t and TAit is the total asset for the same firm i at year t. The equation is as follow: TDTAit =  Ã‚   TDit   Ã‚   TAit Long Term Debt Ratio This is measure as Long term debt divided by total. LTDit is the total debt of company i at year t and TAit is the total asset for the same company i at year t. The equation is as follow: LDTAit =  Ã‚   LTDit   Ã‚   TAit 3.5 Corporate Performance In this paper, three variables are chose stand for the corporate performance in the analysis of the relationship with the determinants and corporate performance. They are ROA, ROE and ROI. ROA The measure of the firm’s ROA (return on asset) by the Net Income divided by Total asset. NIit is the net income for firm i at year t and TAit is the total asset for the same company i at year t. The equation is as follow:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NIit    TAit ROI The measure of the firm’s ROI (return on investment) by profit before interest and taxation divided by total assets minus current liabilities. PBITit is profit before interest and taxation for firm i at year t and TAit is the total asset for the same company i at year t. CLit is the current liabilities for the same company i at year t. The equation is as follow: ROI =   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PBITit     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -    CLit TAit ROE The measure of the firm’s ROE (return on equity) by net income available for shareholders divided by shareholders equity. NISit   is net income available for shareholders for firm i at year t and SEit is the shareholders equity for the same company i at year t. The equation is as follow: ROE =     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NISit  Ã‚   SEit   4. Hypotheses   Ã‚  (brief hypotheses)    4.1   Hypotheses for the determines of the capital structure 4.1.1 Firm Size: In the agency theory and trading-off theory, it is said that the firm size has a relationship with the level of debt. Firm size is a very important key factor should be considered in the choice of the firm’s capital structure. In the trading-off theory, the cost of the bankruptcy is constant, so the rate of the bankruptcy cost in the firm’s value will decrease with the increasing of the firm’s size, this led the financial leverage rise. Moreover, in the agency theory (Jensen, 1986), it said that the bigger the company is, the more transparency the company has. It will cause that the more information will be given to the creditor, and then the cost which caused by the signaling and information asymmetry will be decrease. There are the reasons why bigger company has higher ratio than the small company. It is also found that the bigger firms prefer the long-term debt than the short-term debt, and the smaller firms prefer the short-term debt than the long-term debt. Because that the ownership of the bigger company is more widespread, the benefit to choose the long-term debt for the bigger company is having better control over the managers and having the power to bargain with the creditors (Marsh, 1982). On the other hand, bigger companies are usually more diversified than the small companies, these companies always take the vertical integration management strategy, they have more risk resistance capacity, they have less possible to go bankruptcy, and so the larger companies are easier to take the debt finance compare to the small companies. So these above arguments indicate that firm’s size have a positive relationship with the debt level. But in the peaking-order theory, they think that if the firm’s size is bigger, then it is easier to have fund procurement inside the company, having the inside finance, so it led that the bigger company prefer to choose the equity finance than the debt finance. According to the above theory, there are different discussions given by the capital structure theories about the relationship between the firm size and the debt. So this paper assumes there is a positive relationship between firm size and debt following this hypothesis: HI-1:   There is a positive relation between firm size and debt. 4.1.2 Growth Opportunity Beside the firm size, it is said that there is another factor can affect the capital structure. It is the growth opportunity. The companies with high growth opportunity have more flexibility in operating, moreover, the companies with high growth opportunity usually are belong to the new industry, and these companies’ assets have high plasticity. There are some arguments to show that growth opportunity has a negative effect to the debt level. For example, the one is the trading-off theory, the companies with high growth opportunity would have less debt ratio, because the growth opportunity is regard as a intangible asset to these companies, it is difficult to be a collateralized assets, it leads that the companies with more tangible asset would like to borrow more than the companies with high growth opportunity. The other argument is show in the agency theory (Myer, 1977), it is said that if the companies have the high growth opportunity, then it caused the companies have the lower debt levels, because that if the companies have the high debt level, then the debt holders have opportunity to restrict the companies’ investment plan to not investment some valuable programs and expropriate the money from the shareholders. However, there are some arguments to show that growth opportunity has a positive effect to the debt level. The first one is show in the signaling theory, because if the past investment history can be regard as a good signaling to the companies, then this good signaling can take the good respond in the performance, then it can let the companies with the high growth opportunity have ability to continue to use the more debt due to the dead weight cost caused by the debt. But the companies with less growth opportunity may not be able to use more debt, then because of the high cost caused by the debt, these companies may decrease the debt level. Although the agency theory shows the negative relationship between the growth opportunity and the debt level, it also shows a potential positive relationship between these two. The agency theory assumes that if the company has the high growth opportunity, then it may need more debt. Due to that the growth opportunity can help the managers to contr ol the number of the necessary resources to increase their power in the company. So at this time, the function of the debt in here is to restrict the opportunistic action of the managers. According to the above theory, there are different discussions given by the capital structure theories about the relationship between the growth opportunity and the debt. So this paper assumes there is a positive relationship between growth opportunity and debt following this hypothesis: HI-2:   There is a positive relation between growth opportunity and debt. 4.1.3 Asset’s tangibility HI-3:   There is a positive relation between assets’ tangibility and debt. 4.1.3 Liquidity Liquidity means that the ability to a company to reach the obligation of short term. It is equal to the ratio of the current assets divide current liability. Capital structure may be affected by the liquidity. There may be a positive relationship between the liquidity and the debt, because that if the companies have the high liquidity, then they may need the high debt to help them to satisfy their short-term obligation. However, a negative relationship between the liquidity and the debt shows in the peaking-order theory, according to the Prowse (1990), if the companies have the high liquidity, then they have possible to change their finance way which is choosing the their asset to regard as their internal financing source, they may give up the past finance way which is that financing by issue the debt. This reason may indicate that the companies with high liquidity may have less debt. Furthermore, this negative relationship also show in the agency theory, the liquidity of the asset o f the companies can be regarded as the extent of the asset which can be controlled by the shareholders when expense should be cost by the debt holders. According to the above theory, there are different discussions given by the capital structure theories about the relationship between the liquidity and the debt. So this paper assumes there is a negative relationship between liquidity and debt following this hypothesis: HI-4:   There is a negative relation between liquidity and debt. 4.1.4 Profitability According to the Modigliani Miller (1958), profitability can he be a signaling to show the shareholder or creditors the company’s future profit. And then their much research can show that there is a relationship between the profitability and debt. A positive relationship between the profitability and the debt showed in the agency theory. In the agency theory, it said that because that if the external equity is increase, then the ownership may be change, so in order to not let this situation happen, the companies with the high profitability will control the external equity. On the other side, the shareholders who own the control right would like to increase the debt level to make sure the managers in the company to pay their attention on the profit instead of expanding their company or be the NO.1 in the industry. HI-5:   There is a negative relation between profitability and debt. 4.2   Hypotheses for the relationship between the determines of the capital structure and the firm performance H2-1:   There is a positive relation between firm size and firm performance. H2-2:   There is a positive relation between growth opportunity and firm performance. H2-3:   There is a positive relation between assets’ tangibility and firm performance. H2-4:   There is a positive relation between liquidity and firm performance. H2-5:   There is a positive relation between capital structure and firm performance. 5. Reference Baxter, N. D.1967, Leverage, risk and the cost of capital, Journal of Finance,   vol. 22, no. 3, p. 395 Brealey, R. A. Myers, S. 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